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THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 


IN  MEMORY  OF 

PROFESSOR  WILLIAM  MERRILL 

AND 

MRS.  IMOGENE  MERRILL 


m?Miy  4A/cliM.c^uvLco 


UUUII 


ws 


W^t  Stutieuts'  Series  of  Hatin  Classtcs 


BOOK   I 


1c.. 


BY 

JOHN   K.   LORD,  PhD. 

Peofebsor  of  Latin  in  Daktmouth  College 


LEACH,   SHEWELL,   AND   SANBORN 

BOSTON      NEW  YORK      CHICAGO 

1S<.)7 


Eiit  StutJcnts'  Series  of  ILatin  Classics 


LIVY 


BOOK   I 


BY 

JOHN   K.   LORD,  PhD. 

PROFE880E   OF   LaTIN    IN    DaRTSIOUTU   COLLEGE 


LEACH,   SHEWELL,   AND   SANBORN 

BOSTON      NEW  YORK      CHICAGO 

1897 


GIFT 


COPTBIOHT,   1896, 

By  JOHN  K.  LORD. 


J.  S.  Gushing  &  Co.      Berwick  &  Smith 
Norwood  Mass.  U.S.A. 


SUMMARY 


PREFACE 


LivY  is  uncertain  of  success  in  writing  a  history  of  Rome, 
because  so  many  have  attempted  the  task,  §§  1-3,  and  be- 
cause the  subject  is  so  great,  and  because  the  story  of  early 
times  is  not  interesting  to  many  readers,  §§  4,  5.  The 
poetic  and  legendary  character  of  early  Roman  history,  unit- 
ing divine  and  human  affairs,  is  justified  by  the  greatness 
of  Rome,  §§  6,  7.  History  is  valuable  for  instruction  for 
the  present,  §§  8-10,  and  Roman  history  is  especially  valua- 
ble, §§  11-13. 

BOOK  I 

The  scattering  of  the  Trojans  on  the  downfall  of  Troy, 
and  the  coming  of  those  under  Aeneas  into  Italy,  chs.  1,  2. 
The  founding  of  Alba,  ch.  3.  Birth  of  Romulus  and  Remus, 
ch.  4.  Overthrow  of  Amulius,  ch.  5.  Romulus  and  Remus 
wish  to  found  a  city,  and  take  the  omens  for  it,  ch.  6.  Death 
of  Remus;  establishment  of  religious  rituals;  story  of  Her- 
cules, Cacus,  and  Evander,  ch.  7.  Political  institutions  of 
Romulus;  the  asylum,  ch.  8.  Games  established  to  attract 
the  neighbors  of  Rome ;  rape  of  the  Sabine  women ;  resulting 
wars  and  union  of  the  Romans  and  the  Sabines,  chs.  9-13. 

ill 


ivi684073 


iv  SUMMARY 

Death  of  Tatius  and  war  with  Fidenae,  ch.  14.  War  and 
treaty  with  Veii,  ch.  15.  Death  and  deification  of  Romulus, 
ch.  16.     Interregnum  and  party  spirit,  ch.  17. 

Election  of  Numa,  ch.  18.  Civil  and  religious  institutions 
of  Numa ;  the  temple  of  Janus ;  the  arrangement  of  the  cal- 
endar; appointment  of  flamens,  Vestal  virgins,  and  various 
priesthoods;  Numa's  intercourse  with  Egeria,  chs.  19-21. 
Accession  of  Tullus  Hostilius ;  war  with  Alba,  chs.  22,  23. 
Story  of  the  Curiatii  and  Horatii,  and  triumph  of  the  Ro- 
mans, chs.  24,  25.  Horatius  kills  his  sister  and  is  acquitted 
by  the  people,  ch.  26.  War  with  Fidenae  and  treachery  of 
Mettius,  the  Alban  king ;  his  punishment  and  the  destruction 
of  Alba,  chs.  27-29.  War  with  the  Sabines,  ch.  30.  Prodi- 
gies, pestilence,  death  of  Tullus,  ch.  31. 

Interregnum ;  choice  of  Ancus  Martins ;  the  fetials,  ch.  32. 
Wars  of  Ancus  with  the  Latins;  construction  of  a  prison, 
ch.  33.  Coming  of  Tarquinius  Prisons  and  Tanaquil  to  Rome, 
ch.  34.  Death  of  Ancus  and  choice  of  Tarquinius ;  his  polit- 
ical measures,  ch.  35.  Story  of  Attus  Navius,  and  the  enlarge- 
ment of  the  centuries,  ch.  36.  Victories  of  the  Sabines,  ch.  37. 
Formula  of  surrender;  war  with  Latins;  constructions  in 
Rome,  ch.  38. 

Birth  of  Servius  Tullius,  ch.  39.  Death  of  Tarquin,  ch.  40. 
Rise  of  Servius  Tullius,  and  assumption  of  royalty,  chs.  41,  42. 
Establishment  of  the  comitia  centuriata,  ch.  43.  Growth  of 
the  city,  and  union  of  Rome  and  Latium,  chs.  44,  45.  Am- 
bition of  young  Tarquin ;  his  marriage  with  TuUia,  chs.  46, 
47.  They  conspire  against  Servius,  who  is  killed,  and  Tullia 
drives  over  his  dead  body,  ch.  48. 

Reign  of  Tarquinius  Superbus ;  his  league  with  the  Latins, 


SUMMARY  V 

ch.  49.  Their  discontent,  expressed  by  Turnus,  chs.  50,  51, 
who  is  killed  by  Tarquinius,  ch.  52.  War  with  the  Volsci, 
ch.  53.  Sends  his  son  to  Gabii,  who  gains  control  in  the 
city  and  surrenders  it  to  his  father,  ch.  54.  Laying  of  foun- 
dations for  the  temple  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitoline,  ch.  55. 
Building  of  the  cloaca  maxima;  prodigy  of  a  serpent  and  the 
embassy  to  Delphi,  ch.  56.  The  story  of  Lucretia,  chs.  57,  58. 
Brutus  appears  in  his  real  character,  and  heads  an  insurrec- 
tion against  Tarquinius,  who  is  forced  to  go  from  Rome  into 
exile,  chs.  59,  60. 


NOTE. 

This  edition  of  the  1st  book  of  Livy  has  been  prepared 
especially  for  the  use  of  those  who,  in  connection  with  the  care- 
ful study  of  some  part  of  Livy,  wish  another  part  for  more 
rapid  reading.  The  book  lends  itseK  readily  to  such  a  pur- 
pose. The  subject  is  interesting,  the  incidents  varied  and 
picturesque,  and  few  passages  offer  unusual  grammatical  diffi- 
culties. To  aid  in  the  reading,  the  notes  have  been  placed  at 
the  foot  of  the  page.  All  critical  matter  has  been  omitted 
from  them,  as  also  have  been  all  longer  explanations,  except 
such  as  occasionally  seemed  important  for  clearness  of  under- 
standing. They  contain  more  than  the  mere  translation  of 
words  and  phrases,  but  not,  it  is  hoped,  more  than  is  necessary 
for  an  intelligent  though  rapid  reading  of  the  book.  The  long 
syllables  have  been  marked  to  aid  in  the  pronunciation  of  the 
Latin.  The  text  is  that  of  the  second  edition  of  Dr.  Moritz 
Miiller. 

As  the  object  of  this  edition  is  to  supply  a  part  of  Livy  for 
rapid  reading,  it  is  bound  up  with  the  21st  and  22d  books.  It 
is  also  issued  separately  for  use  with  any  other  part  of  Livy  or 
with  another  author. 

To  the  student  who  wishes  to  examine  the  historical  prob- 
lems connected  with  the  period,  the  following  works  are  sug- 
gested for  reference :  Mommsen's  History  of  Rome,  Vol.  I. ; 
Niebuhr's  History  of  Rome,  Vols.  I.,  11. ;  lime's  History  of 
Rome,  Vol.  I. ;  Dyer's  History  of  the  Kings  of  Rome  ;  Sir  G.  C. 
Lewis's  On  the  Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History;  and  J.  R. 
Seeley's  iu'y,  Bks.  i.-x.,  Introduction. 

My  thanks  are  due  to  Professor  E.  M.  Pease,  the  editor-in- 
chief  of  the  series,  for  valuable  suggestions  and  for  care  in 

reading  the  proof. 

JOHN   K.   LORD. 
Dartmouth  College,  October,  1896. 


TITI  LIVI 

AB  URBE  CONDITA   LIBRI 


PRAEFATIO. 

Facttirusne    operae    pretium    sim,   si  a  primordio 
urbis  res  popull  Eomani  perscripserim,  nee  satis  scio, 
nee,  si  sciam,  dicere  ausim,  qiiippe  qui  cum  veterem  2 
turn   vulgatam   esse   rem   videam,  dum   novi   semper 
scriptores  aut  in  rebus  certius   aliquid   adlattiros  se 
aut  scrlbendi  arte  rudem  vetustatem  superaturos  cre- 
dunt.     Utcumque  erit,  iuvabit  tameii  rerum  gestarum  3 
memoriae  principis  terrarum  populi  pro  virili  parte 
et  ipsum  consuluisse ;  et  si  in  tanta  scrlptorum  turba 
mea  fama  in  obscuro  sit,  nobilitate  ac  magnitudine 
eorum  m6,  qui  nomini  efficient  meo,  consoler.     Res  4 
est  praeterea  et  immensi  operis,  ut  quae  supra  sep- 
tingentesimum  annum  repetatur,  et  quae  ab  exiguis 
profecta  initiis  eo  creverit,  ut  iam  magnitudine  laboret 
sua ;  et  legentium  plerisque  baud  dubito  quin  primae 

1-5.  Difficulty  and  purpose  of  the  work ;  G-9,  legendary  character 
of  early  history ;  10-13.  value  of  historical  study  and  writer's  hope  of 
success. 

1.  Facturusne  .  .  .  sim:  whether  I  shall  make  it  worth  the  while  of 
myself  and  my  readers  in  writing  the  early  history  of  Rome.  The 
words  form  part  of  a  hexameter.  2.  dum:  because.  —  certius  a.: 
greater  exactness.  3.  memoriae:  dat.  with  consuluisse.  —  pro  v.  p.: 
to  the  best  of  my  abiiittj.  — et  ip. :  as  well  as  others.  — in  ob. :  obscured. 
4.  et  i. :  the  et  corresponds  with  the  et  before  legentium,  but  the  con- 
struction changes.  — ut  q. :  because.  —  legentium :  readers ;  participle 
B  1 


2  TITI  LIVI 

origines  proximaque  orlginibus  minus  praebittira  vo- 
luptatis  sint  festmantibus  ad  haec  nova,  quibus  iam 
pridem  praevalentis  populi  vires  se  ipsae  conficiunt; 

5  ego  contra  hoc  qiioque  laboris  praemium  petam,  ut 
me  a  conspectu  malorum  quae  nostra  tot  per  annos 
vidit  aetas,  tantisper  certe  dum  prisca  tota  ilia  mente 
repeto,  avertam,  omnis  expers  ctirae,  quae  scribentis 
animum  etsi  non  flectere  a  vero,  sollicitum  tamen 
efficere  posset. 

6  Quae  ante  conditam  condendamve  urbem  poeticis 
magis  decora  fabulls  quam  incorruptis  rerum  gesta- 
rum  monumentis    traduntur,    ea  nee    adfirmare   nee 

7  refellere  in  animo  est.  Datur  haec  venia  antiquitati, 
ut  miscendo  humana  divinis  primordia  urbium-  au- 
gustiora  faciat;  et  si  cui  populo  licere  oportet  conse- 
crare  origines  suas  et  ad  deos  referre  auctores,  ea  belli 
gloria  est  populo  Eomano,  ut,  cum  suum  conditorisque 
sui  parentem  Martem  potissimum  ferat,  tarn  et  hoc 
gentes  humanae  patiantur  aequo   animo  quam  impe- 

8  rium  patiuntur.  Sed  haec  et  his  similia,  utcumque 
animadversa    aut   existimata   erunt,  hand   in   magno 

9  equidem  ponam  discrimine;  ad  ilia  mihi  pro  se 
quisque  acriter  intendat  animum,  quae  vita,  qui  mo- 
res fuerint,  per  quos  viros  quibusque  artibus  domi 
militiaeque  et  partum  et  auctum  imperium  sit ;  labente 

for  noun. — haec  n. :  the  civil  wars,  in  distinction  from  prisca  ilia,  in 
which  L.  takes  greater  pleasure.  6.  conditam  condendamve:  the 
actual  or  prospective  founding :  the  gerundive  with  ante  is  not  often 
used  as  a  substitute  for  a  verbal  noun.  7.  si  .  .  .  oportet:  if  any 
people  ought  to  he  allowed;  cui  is  emphatic.  —  auctores:  appositive 
of  deos.  —  potissumum:  adv.  in  preference  to  any  other.  —  ferat: 
represents.  —  et:  even.  8.  haec:  myths  and  traditions,  in  distinction 
from  ilia,  the  lessons  of  history.  9.  mihi :  ethical  dat.  —  labente : 
forms  with  desidentes,  idpsi  sint  and  Ire  praecipites  a  climax, /ai/i?i^, 


PRAEFATIO  3 

deinde  paulatim  disciplina  velut  desTdentes  primo 
mores  sequatur  animo,  deinde  ut  magis  magisque 
laps!  sint,  turn  ire  coeperint  praecipites,  donee  ad 
haec  tempora,  quibus  nee  vitia  nostra  nee  remedia 
pati  possumus,  perventum  est.  Hoc  illud  est  praeci-  10 
pue  in  cognitione  rerum  salubre  ac  frugiferura,  omnis 
t6  exempli  documenta  in  inltistrl  posita  monumento 
intueri;  inde  tibi  tuaeque  rei  publicae  quod  imitere 
capias,  inde  foedum  inceptu,  f oedum  exitti,  quod  vites. 
Ceterum  aiit  me  amor  negotii  suscepti  fallit,  aut  nulla  ii 
umquam  res  publica  nee  maior  nee  sanctior  nee  bonis 
exemplis  ditior  fuit,  nee  in  quam  civitatem  tam  serae 
avaritia  luxuriaque  immigraverint,  nee  ubi  tantus  ac 
tam  diu  paupertati  ac  parsimoniae  honos  fuerit ;  adeo 
quanto  rerum  minus,  tanto  minus  cupiditatis  erat. 
Ntiper  divitiae  avaritiam  et  abundantes  voluptatSs  12 
deslderium  per  liixum  atque  libidinem  pereundi  per- 
dendique  omnia  invexere.  Sed  querellae,  ne  turn  qui- 
dem  gratae  futurae,  cum  forsitan  necessariae  erunt, 
ab  initio  certe  tantae  ordiendae  rei  absint ;  cum  bonis  13 
potius  ominibus  votlsque  et  precationibus  deorum  de- 
arumque,  si,  ut  poetis,  nobis  quoque  mos  esset,  libentius 
inciperemus,  ut  orsis  tantum  operis  successus  prosperos 
darent. 


settling  (as  it  were),  falling  and  coming  down  with  a  crash.— diBci- 
plinS:  tone  of  morality.  11.  Cetenun:  for  sed.  —  civitatem :  attrac- 
tion.—  adeo:  so  true  it  is  that;  often  in  L.  of  a  general  ground. 
12.  certe:  at  least.  13.  potius:  much  rather.  — orala:  the  begin- 
ning, undertaking. 


TITI  LIVI  AB  UEBE  CONDITA 


LIBER   I. 

1.  lam  primum  omnium  satis  constat  Troia  capta 
in  ceteros  saevitum  esse  Troianos;  duobus,  Aeneae 
Antenorique,  et  vetusti  iure  hospitil  et  quia  pacis 
reddendaeque  Helenae  semper  auctores  fuerunt,  omne 
ius  belli  Achivos  abstinuisse.  Casibus  deinde  varils 
Antenorem  cum  multitudine  Enetum,  qui  seditione 
ex  Paphlagonia  pulsl  et  sedes  et  ducem  rege  Pylae- 
mene  ad  Troiam  amisso  quaerebant,  venisse  in  inti- 
mum  Hadriatici  maris  sinum ;  EuganeTsque,  qui  inter 
mare  Alpesque  incolebant,  pulsis  Enetos  Troianosque 
eas  tenuisse  terras.  Et  in  quem  primum  egress!  sunt 
locum  Troia  vocatur,  pagoque  inde  Troiano  nomen 
est;  gens  universa  Veneti  appellati.  Aeneam  ab 
simili  clade  domo  profugum,  sed  ad  maiora  rerum 
initia  ducentibus  fatis  primo  in  Macedoniam  venisse, 


1.  The  scattering  of  the  Trojans  and  arrival  of  Aeneas  in  Italy. — 
1,  lam  .  .  .  omnium:  to  beginwith.  —  saXis  constat:  L.  means  that 
this  is  the  settled  tradition,  not  historic  fact. — duobus:  dat.  com. 
with  abstinuisse.  2.  Casibus  .  .  .  v. :  from  this  poi7it  their  fortunes 
diverged.  Enetum :  Homer,  II.  2.  852,  makes  the  Eneti  of  Paphlagonia 
the  allies  of  the  Trojans  ;  the  transfer  to  Veneti  under  a  Trojan  leader 
is  natural.  3.  locum:  see  praef.  §  11.  4.  maiora:  hypallage  for 
tnaidrum. 

4 


LIBER   I  6 

inde  in  Siciliam  quaerentem  sedes  dglatum,  ab  Sicilia 
classe  ad  Laurentem  agrum  tenuisse.    Troia  et  huic  loco  5 
nomen  est.     Ibi  egress!  Troiani,  ut  quibus  ab  inmenso 
prope  errore  nihil  praeter  arma  et  naves  superesset,  cum 
praedam  ex  agris  agerent,  Latinus  rex  Aboriginesque, 
qui  turn  ea  tenebant  loca,  ad  arcendam  vim  advena- 
rum  armati  ex  urbe  atque  agris  concurrunt.     Duplex  6 
inde   fama  est:    alii  proelio  victum  Latinum  pacem 
cum  Aenea,  deinde  adf Initatem  iunxisse  tradunt ;  alii,  7 
cum  Instructae   acies   constitissent,  priusquam  signa 
canerent,  processisse  Latinum  inter  primores  ducem- 
que    advenarum   evocasse    ad    conloquium ;    percun- 
ctatum  deinde,  qui  mortales  essent,  unde  aut  quo  casti  8 
profecti  domo,  quidve  quaerentes  in  agrum  Laurentem 
exissent,   postquam    audierit   multittidinem   Troianos 
esse,  ducem  Aeneam  filium  Anchlsae  et  Veneris,  cre- 
mata  patria  domo  profugos  sedem  condendaeque  urbl 
locum  quaerere,  et  nobilitatem  admlratum  gentis  virlque 
et  animum  vel  bello  vel  pad  paratum  dextra  data  fidem 
futurae  amicitiae  sanxisse.     Inde  foedus  ictum  inter  9 
duces,  inter  exercitus  saliitationem  factam;   Aeneam 
apud  Latinum  fuisse  in  hospitio.     Ibi  Latinum  apud 
penates  deos  domesticum  publico  aditinxisse  foedus  f  Ilia 
Aeneae  in  matrimonium  data.     Ea  res  utique  Troianis  lo 
spem  adflrmat  tandem  stabill  certaque  sede  finiendl 
erroris.     Oppidum  condunt ;  Aeneas  ab  nomine  uxoris  ii 
Lavlnium  appellat.      BrevI  stirpis  quoque  virllis  ex 

5.  inmensd:  endless;  lit.  uyimeasured. — Latinus:  the  eponymous 
hero  of  the  Latins,  said  to  ])e  the  sou  of  Faunus  and  the  nymph  Marica, 
afterward  worshipped  as  Jupiter  Latiaris.  6.  inde :  from  this  point. 
7.  unde:  whence  they  came?  Use  different  clauses  in  translating 
these  questions  and  connect  by  and.  —  quidve  q. :  with  what  purpose? 
11.  Brevi:  so.  tempore. 


6  TITI  LIVI 

novo  matrimonio  fuit,  cui  Ascanium  parentes  dixere 
nomen. 

2.  Bello  deinde  Aborigines  Troianique  simul  petlti. 
Turnus,  rex  Eutulorumj  cui  pacfa  Lavinia  ante  adven- 
tum  Aeneae  fuerat,  praelatum  sibi  advenam  aegre 
patiens,    simul   Aeneae   Latinoque   bellum    intulerat. 

2  Neutra  acies  laeta  ex  eo  certamine  abiit:  victi  Rutuli, 
victores  Aborigines  Troianique  ducem  Latlnum  ami- 

3  sere.  Inde  Turnus  Eutulique  diffisi  rebus  ad  florentes 
opes  Etruscorum  Mezentiumque  regem  eorum  confu- 
giunt,  qui  Caere,  opulento  turn  oppido,  imperitans,  iam 
inde  ab  initio  minime  laetus  novae  origine  urbis,  et 
turn  nimio  plus  quam  satis  tutum  esset  accolis  rem 
Troianam   crescere   ratus,  baud  gravatim  socia  arma 

4  Rutulls  itinxit.  Aeneas,  adversus  tanti  belli  terrorem 
ut  animos  Aboriginum  sibi  conciliaret,  nee  sub  eodem 
iure   solum  sed  etiam  nomine  omnes  essent,  Latinos 

5  utramque  gentem  appellavit.  Nee  deinde  Aborigines 
Troianis  studio  ac  fide  erga  regem  Aenea'm  cessere. 
Fretusque  his  animis  coalescentium  in  dies  magis 
duorum  populorum  Aeneas,  quamquam  tanta  opibus 
Etrtiria  erat,  ut  iam  non  terras  solum  sed  mare  etiam 
per  totam  Italiae  longitudinem  ab  Alpibus  ad  f return 
Siculum  fama  nominis  sul  implesset,  tamen,  cum  moe- 
nibus  bellum  propulsare  posset,  in  aciem  copias  edtixit. 

6  Secundum  inde  proelium  Latlnis,  Aeneae  etiam  ulti- 
mum  operum  mortalium  fuit.     Situs  est,  quemcumque 

2.  2.  Smisere :  tradition  said  that  Latinus  disappeared.  3.  rebus : 
their  oion  strength.  — Qd^&re:  loc.  ab.  Caere  was  one  of  the  twelve 
allied  cantons  of  Etruria.  4.  nec  =  et  ne,  common  in  L.  following  ut, 
but  the  negative  belongs  only  to  solum.  5.  fretusque:  que,  and  so 
then.  L.  often  uses  que  in  a  summary  or  transition.  Cf .  c.  42.  4,  — 
fama:  inst.  abl.  — moenibus:  inst.  abl.  6.  Secundum:  successful.— 
Situs  est :    lies  buried.  —  quemcumque  ...  est :    whether  human  or 


LIBER   I  7 

eum   dici   ius   fasque  est,  super  Numicum   fluvium ; 
lovem  indigetem  appellant. 

3.  Nondum  maturus  imperio  Ascanius  Aen6ae  filius 
erat ;  tamen  id  imperium  ei  ad  puberem  aetatem  inco- 
lume  mansit.  Tantisper  tutela  muliebii  —  tanta  indo- 
les in  Lavlnia  erat  —  res  Latina  et  regnum  avitum 
paterniimque  puero  stetit.  Hand  ambigam  —  quis  2 
enim  rem  tarn  veterem  pro  certo  adfirmet?  —  hicine 
fuerit  Ascanius,  an  maior  quam  hic,  Cretisa  matre  Ilio 
incolumi  natus  comesque  inde  paternae  fugae,  quern 
lulum  eundem  lulia  gens  auctorem  nominis  sui  nun- 
cupat.  Is  Ascanius,  ubicumque  et  quacumque  matre  3 
genitus  —  certe  natum  Aenea  constat  —  abundante  La- 
vini  multitudine  florentem  iam,  ut  tum  res  erant, 
atque  opulentam  urbem  matri  seu  novercae  reliquit, 
novam  ipse  aliam  sub  Albano  monte  condidit,  quae  ab 
situ  porrectae  in  dorso  urbis  Longa  Alba  appellata. 
Inter  Lavinium  et  Albam  Longam  coloniam  deductam  4 
triginta  ferme  interfuere  annl.  Tantum  tamen  opes 
creverant  maxime  f usis  Etruscis,  ut  ne  morte  quidem 
Aeneae,  nee  deinde  inter  muliebrem  tutelam  rudi- 
mentumque  prlmuni  puerilis  regni,  niovere  arma 
aut  Mezentius  Etrusclque  aut  tilli  alii  accolae  ausi 
sint.  Pax  ita  convenerat,  ut  Etruscis  Latinlsque  5 
fluvius  Albula,  quem  nunc  Tiberim  vocant,  finis  esset. 

divine.  The  ancients  were  particular  in  using  the  right  name  of  a 
deity  or  hero  in  speaking  of  or  to  him,  and  in  ascribing  tlie  right  attri- 
butes to  him.  — super:  on  the  bank  of. 

3.  The  founding  of  Alba.  1.  muliebri  =  gen.  mulieris,  as  in  §  4 
and  often.  2.  ambigam:  question,  decidr.  —  liilum  e. :  the  same  one 
tchoni  under  the  nttme  of  I.  3.  ubicumque  et  q. :  often  in  L.  without 
a  verb.— multitudine:  population.— u\,  erant:  for  the  times. — 
Longa  A. :  order  reversed  for  emphasis.  The  town  lay  on  a  ridge  un- 
der the  Alban  mountain,  just  above  the  Alban  lake.  4.  Lftvinium: 
8C.  comh'fum.  — morte:  abl.  of  time.— ausi  sint:  perfect  for  tlie  im- 


8  TITI  LIVI 

6  Silvius  deinde  regnat,  Ascanii  filius,  casu  qnodam  in 

7  silvis  natus.  Is  Aeneam  Silvium  creat;  is  deinde 
Latinum  Silvium.     Ab  eo  coloniae  aliquot  deductae, 

8  Prisci  Latlnl  appellati.  Mansit  Silviis  postea  omni- 
bus cognomen,  qui  Albae  regnaverunt.  Latino  Alba 
ortus,  Alba  Atys,  Atye  Capys,  Capye  Capetus,  Capeto 
Tiberlnus,  qui  in   traiectti  Albulae  amnis  submersus 

9  celebre  ad  posteros  nomen  fltiminl  dedit.  Agrippa 
inde  Tiberlnl  filius,  post  Agrippam  Komulus  Silvius 
a  patre  accepto  imperio  regnat.  Adventino  fulmine 
ipse  ictus  regnum  per  manus  tradidit.  Is  sepultus  in 
eo  colle  qui  nunc  pars  Eomanae  est  urbis,  cognomen 

10  colli  fecit.  Proca  deinde  regnat.  Is  Numitorem 
atque  Amtilium  procreat ;  Numitorl,  qui  stirpis  maxi- 
mus  erat,  regnum  vetustum  Silviae  gentis  legat.  Plus 
tamen  vis  potuit  quam  voluntas  patris  aat  verecundia 

11  aetatis.  Pulso  fratre  Amulius  regnat.  Addit  sce- 
lerl  scelus;  stirpem  fratris  virllem  interimit,  fratris 
flliae  Eeae  Silviae  per  speciem  honoris,  cum  Yesta- 
lem  eam  legisset,  perpetua  virginitate  spem  partus 
adimit. 

4.    Sed  debebatur,  ut  opinor,  fatis  tantae  orlgo  urbis 

maximlque  secundum  deorum  opes  imperil  principium. 

2  Vl  compressa  Vestalis  cum  geminum  partum  edidisset, 

sen  ita  rata,  seu  quia  deus  auctor  culpae  honestior  erat, 

perfect,  as  in  21.  1.  2.  6.  Silvius :  the  first  tradition  gave  Romulus  as 
the  grandson  of  Aeneas,  but  when  it  appeared  that  more  than  400 
years  (cf.  c.  29.  6.)  lay  between  the  fall  of  Troy  and  the  founding  of 
Rome,  a  family  of  Alban  kings  was  put  in  to  fill  the  gap.  7.  Prisci  La- 
tini:  so  called  to  distinguish  them  from  later  Latin  colonies.  Cf.  c. 
o.S.  4.  8.  cognomen  =  nomen,  i.e.  Silvius.  10.  maximus  =  mdior. 
11.  Addit:  observe  in  these  chapters  the  succession  of  short  sentences 
and  the  asyndeton,  a  style  in  harmony  with  the  rapid  survey  of  events. 
4.   Birtii  of  Romulus  and  Remus.    1.  secundum:  next  to.    2.  erat: 


LIBER   I  9 

Martem  incertae  stirpis  patrem  niincupat.     Sed  nee  3 
dii  nee  homines  aut  ipsam  aut  stirpem  a  crtidelitate 
regia  vindieant :  sacerdos  vineta  in  custodiam  datur, 
pueros   in   profluentem    aquam    mitti    iubet.      Forte  4 
quadam  divlnitus  super  ripas  Tiberis  effusus  lenibus 
stagnis  nee   adiri   usquam   ad  iusti   cursum   poterat 
amnis,  et  posse  quamvis  languida  mergi  aqua  infantes 
spem  ferentibus  dabat.     Ita,  velut  defunct!  regis  im-  5 
perio,  in  proxima  eluvie,  ubi  nunc  ficus  Rumlnalis 
est  —  Komularem  vocatam  f erunt  —  pueros  exponunt. 
Vastae   turn   in  his   locis   solitudines   erant.      Tenet  6 
fama,    cum    fluitantem    alveum,    quo    expositi    erant 
puerl,  tenuis  in  sicco  aqua  destituisset,  lupam  sitientem 
ex  montibus,   qui   circa   sunt,  ad   puerilem   vagitum 
cursum  flexisse  ;  eam  submissas  mfantibus  adeo  mitem 
praebuisse  mammas,  ut  lingua  lambentem  pueros  ma- 
gister  regii  pecoris  invenerit  —  Faustulo  f uisse  nomen 
ferunt.     Ab  eo  ad  stabula  Larentiae  uxor!  educandos 
datos.      Sunt  qui  Larentiam  vulgato  corpore   lupam  7 
inter  pSstores  vocatam  putent;    inde  locum  fabulae 
ac  miraculo  datum.     Ita  geniti  itaque  educatl,  cum  8 
primum  adolevit  aetas,  nee  in  stabulis  nee  ad  pecora 
segnes  venando  i^eragrare  saltus.     Hinc   robore  cor-  9 

icouhl  be,  as  in  21.  41.  2.  3.  Sed :  but  whichever  was  the  case.  — pro- 
fluentem a. :  a  stream.  — ivibet:  L.  often  carelessly  omits  the  subject, 
even  when  it  differs  from  that  of  the  preceding  verb.  4.  Forte  q.  d. : 
by  a  divine  chance.  —  Tiberis  .  .  .  dabat:  the  Tiber  having  overflowed 
.  .  .  could  not  be  approached  .  .  .  but  they  hoped. — iusti:  regular;  see 
on  c.  1.  4.  5.  flcus:  afterward  shown  on  the  western  slope  of  the 
Palatine.  6.  YSstae :  ivild.  The  stretch  between  the  Palatine,  Capi- 
toline,  and  Aventine  was  a  swampy  waste. — qui  .  .  .  sunt:  surround- 
ing, i.e.  on  both  sides  of  the  river.— Faustulo:  favorer,  helper. — 
educandos  :  to  he  brought  up.  8.  ad  pecora :  when  the  herds  were  in 
the  pastures.  —  venando :  mod.  abl.  The  young  men  were  particularly 
active  in  hunting. 


10  TITI   LIVI 

poribus  animisque  stimpto  iam  non  feras  tantum  sub- 
sistere,  sed  in  latrones  praeda  onustos  impetus  facere, 
pastoribusque  rapta  dividere,  et  cum  his  crescente  in 
dies  grege  iuvenum  seria  ac  iocos  celebrare. 

5.    Iam  tum  in  Palatio  monte  Lupercal  hoc  fuisse 
Itidicrum     ferunt,    et    a    Pallanteo,    urbe    Arcadica, 

2  Pallantium,  dein  Palatium  montem  appellatum.  Ibi 
Euandrum,  qui  ex  eo  genere  Arcadum  multis  ante 
tempestatibus  tenuerit  loca,  sollemne  adlatum  ex 
Arcadia  mstituisse,  ut  nudi  iuvenes  Lycaeum  Pana 
venerantes  per  lusum  atque  lasclviam  currerent,  quern 

3  KomanI  deinde  vocaverunt  Inuum.  Huic  deditis 
ludicro,  cum  sollemne  notum  esset,  msidiatos  ob  Iram 
praedae  amissae  latrones,  cum  Pomulus  vi  se  de- 
fendisset,  Kemum  cepisse,  captum  regl  Amtilio  tra- 
didisse  ultro  accusantes.     CrIminI  maxime  dabant  in 

4  Numitoris  agros  ab  ils  impetus  fieri ;  inde  eos  conlecta 
iuvenum   manti   hostilem   in   modum   praedas   agere. 

5  Sic  ad  supplicium  Numitorl  Eemus  deditur.  Iam 
inde  ab  initio  Faustulo  spes  fuerat  regiam  stirpem 
apud  se  educarl :  nam  et  expositos  iussu  regis  Infantes 
sciebat,  et  tempus,  quo  ipse  eos  sustulisset,  ad  id 
ipsum  congruere ;  sed  rem  immaturam  nisi  aut  per 
occasionem   aut    per    necessitatem    aperire    noluerat. 


9.  iam :  already  ;  before  the  events  of  the  next  chapter.  —  subsi- 
stere:  lay  in  wait. — iocos:  merry -makings.  The  expression  is  used 
simply  as  a  contrast  to  sei'ia,  and  to  prepare  for  the  following. 

5.  Fall  of  Amulius.  1.  monte:  appos.  of  Palatio.— "hoo:  the  one 
still  in  Mse.  —  ludicrum :  festival.  It  was  in  February,  in  honor  of  the 
god  of  flocks,  Lupercus ;  associated  with  Pan.  2.  tempestatibus ;  as 
we  say  seasons  for  years. — nudi:  i.e.  clothed  only  in  goat-skins. 
3.  praedae  a. :  the  loss  of  their  booty,  as  in  21, 1.  5.  —  cepisse,  c. :  took, 
and  then.  —  ultro :  actually ;  one  would  not  expect  a  charge  from  rob- 
bers.     5.    immaturam :     unseasonably,   predicative.  —  occasionem : 


LIBER   I  11 

Necessitas  prior  venit.  Ita  metu  subactus  Romulo  6 
rem  aperit.  Forte  et  Numitori,  cum  in  custodia 
Remum  haberet,  audissetque  geminos  esse  fratres, 
comparando  et  aetatem  eorum  et  ipsam  minime  ser- 
vilem  indolem  tetigerat  animum  memoria  nepotum; 
sciscitandoque  eodem  pervenit,  ut  baud  procul  esset 
qiiln  Remum  agnosceret.  Ita  undique  regi  dolus  7 
nectitur.  Romulus  non  cum  globo  iuvenum  —  nee 
enim  erat  ad  vim  apertam  par  —  sed  aliis  alio  itinere 
iussis  certo  tempore  ad  regiam  venire  x^astoribus,  ad 
regem  impetum  facit,  et  a  domo  Numitoris  alia  com- 
parata  manti  adiuvat  Remus.     Ita  regem  obtruncant. 

6.  Numitor  inter  primum  tumultum  liostis  invasisse 
urbem  atque  adortos  regiam  dictitans,  cum  pubem 
Albanam  in  arcem  praesidio  armlsque  obtinendam 
avocasset,  postquam  iuvenes  perpetrata  caede  pergere 
ad  se  gratulantes  vidit,  extemplG  advocato  concilio 
scelus  in  se  fratris,  originem  nepotum,  ut  geniti,  ut 
educati,  ut  cogniti  essent,  caedem  deinceps  tyranni 
seque  eius  auctorem  ostendit.  Iuvenes  per  mediaiii  2 
contionem  agmine  ingressi  cum  avum  regem  salutas- 
sent,  secuta  ex  omnI  multitudine  consentiens  vox 
ratum  nomen  imperiumque  regl  efficit.     Ita  Numitorl  3 

favorable  opportunity.  (».  metu  s. :  xinder  the  influence  of  fear, 
either  of  excessive  penalty  for  Kemus,  or  of  being  implicated  as  his 
foster-father.  —  eodem:  adv.  to  the  same  point  as  Faustulus.  7.  alus 
a.  i. :  by  different  routes. 

6.  Romulus  and  Remus  wish  to  found  a  city.  —  1.  Niimitor:  this 
sentence  is  an  excellent  illustration  of  the  Livian  period.  The  thought 
is  carried  forward  ]>y  the  partic.  dictitdns,  the  clauses  with  cum  and 
postquam,  and  the  abl.  abs.  and  concludes  with  the  main  verb.  In 
translating  it  should  be  broken  into  several  independent  sentences. — 
primum  t. :  the  beginning  of.  —  deinceps:  ix.*!].,  following.  —  aucto- 
rem :  responsible.  2.  agmine :  side  by  side  ;  the  word  hardly  applies 
to  two  persons,  but  it  is  a  stock  phrase  (abl.  modal.) ,  the  opposite  of 


12  TITI  LIVI 

Albana  re  permissa  Romulum  Remumque  cupldo  cepit 
in  iis  lociSj  ubi  expositi  ubique  educati  erant,  urbis 
condendae.  Et  supererat  multittido  Albanorum  Lati- 
norumque;  ad  id  pastores  quoque  accesserant,  qui 
omnes  facile  spem  facerent,  parvam  Albam,  parvum 

4  Lavmiiim  prae  ea  urbe,  quae  conderetur,  fore.  In- 
tervenit  deiiide  his  cogitationibus  avitum  malum, 
regnl  cupido,  atque  inde  foedum  certamen  coortum  a 
satis  mitl  prlncipio.  Quoniam  gemini  essent,  nee 
aetatis  verecundia  discrimen  facere  posset,  ut  dii, 
quorum  tutelae  ea  loca  essent,  augurils  legerent  qui 
nomen  novae  urbi  daret,  qui  conditam  imperio  regeret, 
Palatium  Romulus,  Remus  Aventinum  ad  inauguran- 
dum  templa  capiunt. 

7.  Priori  Remo  augurium  venisse  fertur,  sex  vultu- 
res, iamque  nuntiato  augurio  cum  duplex  numerus 
Romulo  se  ostendisset,  utrumque  regem  sua  multittido 
consalutaverat.     Tempore  illi  praecepto,  at  hi  numero 

2  avium  regnum  trahebant.  Inde  cum  altercatione  con- 
gress! certamine  irarum  ad  caedem  vertuntur.  Ibi  in 
turba  ictus  Remus  cecidit.  Vulgatior  fama  est  ludi- 
brio  fratris  Remuin  novos  transiluisse  miiros;  inde 
ab  irato  Romulo,  cum  verbis  quoque  increpitans  adie- 
cisset,  "  Sic  deinde  quicumque  alius  transiliet  moenia 

disorderly.  3.  ad  id  =  ad  eos,  the  excessive  part.  —  qui  o. :  so  that  all 
together. — prae:  in  comparison  with.  4.  satis  m. :  ve7'y  trifling. — 
essent :  subj.  because  it  is  the  thought  of  the  young  men.  —  quorum  t, : 
under  lohose  protection;  tutelae  is  pred.  gen.  of  possession. — inaugu- 
randum :  for  taking  the  omens ;  the  indispensable  preliminary  for 
every  act  at  Rome.  — templa:  posts  of  observation;  cf.  c.  18.  10. 

7.  Death  of  Remus.  Establishment  of  ritual.  —  1.  utrumque  .  .  .  c. : 
each  was  saluted  by  his  own  followers  as  king,  s^a  refers  to  utrtim- 
que.  — Tern-pore:  inst.  abl.  — trahebant:  sc.  ad  se,  claimed.  2.  cer- 
tamine i. :  in  their  passionate  strife ;  inst.  abl. ;  note  the  plu.  of 
Irdrum,  as  in  21.  58.  1. — iucrepitSiis :  join  with  verbis  as  adj. ;  bitter. 


LIBER   I  13 

mea ! "  interf ectum.     Ita  solus  potltus  imperio  Eomu-  3 
Ills ;  condita  urbs  conditoris  nomine  appellata. 

Palatium  primum,  in  quo  ipse  erat  educatus,  muniit. 
Sacra  diis  alils  Albano  ritu,  Graeco  Herculi,  ut  ab 
Euandro  mstituta  erant,  facit.  Herculem  in  ea  loca  4 
Geryone  interempto  boves  mira  specie  abegisse  memo- 
rant,  ac  prope  Tiberim  fluvium,  qua  prae  se  armentum 
agens  naiido  traiecerat,  loco  herbido,  ut  quiete  et 
pabulo  laeto  reficeret  boves,  et  ipsum  fessum  via 
procubuisse.  Ibi  cum  eum  cibo  vinoque  gravatum  5 
sopor  oppressisset,  pastor  accola  eius  loci,  nomine 
Cacus,  ferox  viribus,  captus  pulchritudine  boum  cum 
avertere  earn  praedam  vellet,  quia,  si  agendo  armentum 
in  speluncam  compulisset,  ipsa  vestigia  quaerentem 
dominum  eo  deducttira  erant,  aversos  boves,  eximiiim 
quemque  pulchritudine,  caudis  in  speluncam  traxit. 
Hercules  ad  primam  auroram  somno  excitus  cum  gre-  6 
gem  perltistrasset  oculls  et  partem  abesse  numero  sen- 
sisset,  pergit  ad  proximam  speluncam,  si  forte  eo 
vestigia  ferrent.  Quae  ubi  omnia  foras  versa  vidit 
nee  in  partem  aliam  ferre,  confiisus  atque  incertus 
animi  ex  loco  Inf esto  agere  porro  armentum  occepit. 
Inde  cum  actae  boves  quaedam  ad  deslderium,  ut  fit,  7 
rellctarum  miiglssent,  reddita  inclusarum  ex  spelunca 
boum  vox  Herculem  convertit.     Quem  cum  vadentem 

3.  Albano  .  .  .  Graeco:  i.e.  with  covered  and  uncovered  head.  4.  qua: 
in  the  place  to  which  he  had  come.  —  laeto:  rich.  —  et  i. :  he  was  tired 
as  well  as  the  cattle.  5.  ferox:  contident.  Cacus,  the  bad  robber, 
lived  in  a  cave  in  the  Aventiue,  as  Evander  on  the  Palatine.  —  earn  p. : 
them  as  plunder;  a  common  attraction.  —  deductura  erant:  must 
have  Zed.  —  quemque :  attracted  to  the  adj.  as  reg:ularly  to  a  superla- 
tive ;  he  seized  the  most  beautiful  and  drew.  6.  ad.  p.  a. :  poetical  for 
prima  luce.— si:  to  see  if.  7.  ad.  d.  u.  f . :  missing,  as  is  common.^ 
reddita  .  .  .  vox :  L.  is  fond  of  involved  order ;  cf .  c.  4.  6. 


14  TITI  LIVI 

ad  speluncam  Cacus  vi  prohibere  conatus  esset,  ictus 
clava  fidem  pastorum  nequlquam  invocans  morte  oc- 

8  cubuit.  Euander  turn  ea  profugus  ex  Peloponneso 
auctoritate  magis  quam  imperio  regebat  loca,  venera- 
bilis  vir  miraculo  litterarum,  rei  novae  inter  rudes 
artium  homines,  venerabilior  divmitate  credita  Car- 
mentae    matris,   quam    fatiloquam    ante    Sibyllae   in 

9  Italiam  adventum  miratae  eae  gentes  fuerant.  Is 
turn  Euander,  concursu  pastorum  trepidantium  circa 
advenam  manifestae  reum  caedis  excitus,  postquam 
facinus  facinorisque  causam  audivit,  liabitum  for- 
mamque  viri  aliquantum  ampliorem  augustioremque 
humana  intuens,   rogitat  qui  vir  esset.     Ubi  nomen 

10  patremque  ac  patriam  accepit,  "  love  nate,  Hercules, 
salve,"  inquit.  "  Te  mihi  mater,  veridica  interpres 
deum,  aucturum  caelestium  numerum  cecinit,  tibique 
aram   hic   dicatum    irl,   quam  opulentissima  olim   in 

11  terris  gens  maximam  vocet  tuoque  ritu  colat."  Dextra 
Hercules  data  accipere  se  omen  impleturumque  fata 

12  ara  condita  ac  dicata  ait.  Ibi  tum  primum  bove  eximia 
capta  de  grege  sacrum  Herculi  adhibitis  ad  ministe- 
rium  dapemque  Potitils  ac  Pmarils,  quae  tum  familiae 

13  maxime  inclitae  ea  loca  incolebant,  factum.  Forte  ita 
evenit,  ut  Potitil  ad  tempus  praesto  essent,  iisque  exta 
apponerentur,  Pinaril  extis  adesis  ad  ceteram  venirent 

8.  auctoritate :  personal  influence.  —  litterarum :  the  Romans 
broui^ht  their  alphabet  from  the  Greek  colonies  of  lower  Italy.  —  Si- 
byllae: the  Cumean  Sibyl;  cf.  Verg.  Aen.  (5.  35.  f.  9.  trepidantium: 
gathering  in  fright.  —  liabitum:  note  the  frequent  recurrence  of  suc- 
cessive words  in  which  the  m  sound  predominates. — rogitat:  the  fre- 
quentative often  in  L.  with  the  meaning  of  the  simple  form.  10.  tibi : 
ind.  obj .  —  tuo  r. :  a  rite  peculiar  to  you.  11.  fata :  projjhecy.  —  ara  c. : 
abl.  abs. ;  hy  founding.  12.  dapem :  the  religious  feast  after  the 
sacrifice.    13.  exta :  the  larger  entrails,  as  heart  and  liver. 


LIBER    I  15 

dapem.  Inde  institutum  mansit,  donee  Pinarium 
genus  fuit,  ne  extis  sollemnium  vescerentur.  Potltii  14 
ab  Euandro  edocti  antistites  sacri  eius  per  multas 
aetat^s  fuerunt/ donee  tradito  servis  publicis  sollemni 
familiae  ministerio  genus  omne  Potltiorum  interiit. 
Haec  turn  sacra  Komulus  una  ex  omnibus  peregrlna  15 
suscepit,  iam  turn  immortalitatis  virttite  partae,  ad 
quam  eum  sua  fata  ducebant,  fautor. 

8.  Rebus  divlnis  rite  perpetratis  vocataque  ad  con- 
cilium multitildine,  quae  coalescere  in  populi  tinius 
corpus  nulla  re  praeterquam  legibus  poterat,  iura  dedit ; 
quae  ita  sancta  generl  hominum  agresti  fore  ratus,  si  2 
se  ipse  venerabilem  insignibus  imperil  fecisset,  cum 
cetero  habitti  se  augustiorem,  tum  maxime  llctoribus 
duodecim  sumptis  fecit.  Alii  ab  numero  avium,  quae  3 
augurio  regnum  portenderant,  eum  secutum  numerum 
putant ;  me  baud  paenitet  eorum  sententiae  esse,  quibus 
et  apparitores  hoc  genus  ab  Etruscis  finitimis,  unde 
sella  curulis,  unde  toga  praetexta  sumpta  est,  et  nu- 
merum quoque  ipsum  ductum  placet ;  et  ita  habuisse 
Etruscos,  quod  ex  duodecim  populis  commtiniter 
create  rege  singulos  singuli  populi  lictores  dederint. 

Crescebat  interim  urbs  munltionibus  alia  atque  alia    4 
adpetendo  loca,  cum  in  spem  magis  futurae  multittidi- 
nis  quam  ad  id  quod  tum  hominum  erat,  munirent. 

14.  genus  =  ffUns.  The  change  was  made  under  the  direction  of 
Appius  Claudius.    See  9.  2t). 

8.  Political  institutions. —2.  ita  .  .  .  si:  restrictive;  only  .  .  .if, 
not  .  .  .  ujiless.  —  ipse:  tliis  is  usually  joined  to  the  subject  where  we 
emphasize  the  predicate,  himself.  —  cetero :  besides  the  Motors.  3.  eum : 
agrees  with  nwnerum.—me  .  .  .  esse:  /  do  not  hesitate  to  adopt  the 
opinion  of  those.  — hoc  genns  =  hfdus  generis,  i.e.  the  lictors.  — cre- 
ate: o/?  the  appointment  of  a  kinfi ;  in  case  of  a  general  war.  4.  mvi- 
nitionibus:  inst.  abl.  with  adpetendo.  — \xi  spem:   in  the  hope.  — a.d 


16  TITI  LIVI 

5  Deinde  ne  vana  urbis  magnittido  esset,  adiciendae  mul- 
titudinis  causa  vetere  consilio  condentium  iirbes,  qui 
obscuram  atque  humilem  conciendo  ad  se  multittidinem 
natam  e  terra  sibi  prolem  ementiebantur,  locum,  qui 
nunc   saeptus   descendentibus   inter   duos   lucos    est, 

6  asylum  aperit.  Eo  ex  flnitimis  populis  turba  omnis 
sine  discrimine,  liber  an  servus  esset,  avida  novarum 
rerum  perfugit,  idque  primum  ad  coeptam  magnitu- 

7  dinem  roboris  fuit.  Cum  iam  virium  baud  paeniteret, 
consilium  deinde  viribus  parat:  centum  creat  sena- 
tores,  sive  quia  is  numerus  satis  erat,  sive  quia  soli 
centum  erant,  qui  crearl  patres  possent.  Patres  certe 
ab  honore,  patricilque  progenies  eorum  appellatl. 

9.  Iam  res  E,omana  adeo  erat  valida,  ut  cullibet 
finitimarum  civitatum  bello  par  esset;  sed  pentiria 
mulierum  hominis  aetatem  durattira  magnittido  erat, 
quippe  quibus  nee  domi  spes  prolis  nee  cum  flnitimis 

2  conubia  essent.  Tum  ex  consilio  patrum  Eomulus 
legatos  circa  viclnas  gentes  misit,  qui  societatem  conti- 

3  biumque  novo  populo  peterent :  urbes  quoque  ut  cetera 
ex  Infimo  nasci;  dein,  quas  sua  virtus  ac  dil  invent, 

4  magnas  opes  sibi  magnum  que  nomen  facere;  satis 
scire  origin!  Romanae  et  deos  adfuisse  et  non  defutu- 

.  .  .  erat:  in  accordance  with  the  actual  number  of  inhabitants. 
5.  vetere  c. :  in  accordance  with  the  old  device;  modal,  abl.  —  de- 
scendentibus: dat. ;  to  those  going  down,  on  the  way  down.  —  duos  1. : 
the  two  summits  of  the  Capitoline.  — asylum:  a  place  of  atonement, 
not  of  residence,  from  which  they  passed  to  the  city  on  the  Palatine. 
The  modern  Piazza  del  Campidoglio.  0.  novarum:  a  change  of  cir- 
cumstances.—  id:  i.e.  turba.  7.  consilium:  both  abstract,  guidance, 
and  concrete,  council,  the  senate. 

9-13.   Rape  of  the  Sabine  women,  and  the  resulting  wars. 

9.  1.  quibus:  the  antecedent  is  in  res.  2.  urbes:  saying  that 
cities.  The  or.  obi.  which  here  contains  the  argument  of  the  en- 
voys often  has  no  introductory  word  in  Latin.      4.   scire:  sc.se. — 


LIBER  I  17 

ram  virtutem  :  proinde  ne  gravarentur  homines  cum 
hominibus   sauguinem    ac   genus  miscere.     Nusquam    5 
benigne  iGgatio"  audita  est :  adeo   siniul   spernebant, 
simul  tantam  in  medio  crescentem  molem  sibi  ac  po- 
steris  suis  metuebant.     A  plerlsque  rogitantibus  di- 
missi,  ecquod  feminis  quoque  asylum  aperuissent :  id 
enim  demum  compar  conubium  fore.   Aegre  id  Komana    G 
piibes  passa,  et  baud  dubie  ad  vim  spectare  res  coepit. 
Cui  tempus  locumque  aptum  ut  daret  E-omulus,  aegri- 
tudinem  animi  dissimulans  ludos  ex  industria  parat 
Neptuno  Equestri  sollemnis  ;  Consualia  vocat.    Indici    7 
deinde  finitimis  spectaculum'  iubet,  quantoque  appar 
ratu  tum  sciebant  aut  poterant  concelebrant,  ut  rem 
claram  exspectatamque  f acerent.     Multl  mortales  con-    8 
v6nere,  studio  etiam  videndae  novae  urbis,  maxime 
proximi  quique,  Caeninenses,  Crustumini,  Antem nates; 
iam  Sablnorum  omnis  multitudo  cum  liberls  ac  con-    9 
iugibus  venit.     Invitati  hospitaliter  per  domos  cum 
situm  moeniaque  et  frequentem  tectis  urbem  vidissent, 
mirantur   tarn   brevi   rem    Romanam    crevisse.     Ubi  lo 
spectacull  tempus   venit,  deditaeque  eo  mentes  cum 
oculis  erant,  tum  ex  composite  orta  vis,  signoque  dato 
iuventus   Romana  ad    rapiendas    virgines    discurrit. 
Magna  pars  forte,  in  quem  quaeque  inciderat,  raptae.  ii 

proinde  .  .  .  homines :  therefore  let  them  not  hesitate  as  men ;  proinde 
introduces  a  concliision  that  is  also  an  exhortation.  5.  id  .  .  .  demum: 
for  that  onlij.  (i.  puhea  =  iuvenes,  as  in  c.  G.  1. — Cui:  refers  to  w/m. 
7.  Consualia  :  j^anies  celebrated  on  the  21st  of  August  and  15th  of  De- 
cember in  honor  of  an  old  Italian  deity,  whom  L.  here  tacitly  identifies 
with  Neptune,  and  who,  as  the  representative  of  the  Greek  Poseidon, 
was  the  maker  of  the  horse;  hence  eqneMri.  —  concelebrant:  were 
preparing  to  celebrate.  8.  Caen.  Crust.  Antem. :  Latin  peoples  in  the 
vicinity  of  Rome.  9.  iam :  Jinally  ;  often  in  a  summary  with  the  last 
member.  —  frequentem  t. :  iiumerons  dioelluufs.  10.  eo  :  to  the  ex- 
hibition. —  vis :  disturbance.  11.  forte  .  .  .  inciderat:  without  choice 
o 


18  TITI   LIVI 

Quasdam  forma  excellentes  primoribus  patrum  desti- 
iiatas  ex  plebe  homines,  quibus  datum  negotium  erat, 

12  domos  deferebant.  IJnam  longe  ante  alias  specie  ac 
pulcliritudine  Inslgnem  a  globo  Talassii  cuiusdam 
raptam  ferunt,  multisque  sciscitantibus  cninam  eam 
ferrent,  identidem,  ne  quis  violaret,  Talassio  ferri 
clamitatum;    inde    nuptialem    banc    vocem    factam. 

13  Turbato  per  metum  ludicro  maesti  parentes  virginum 
profugiunt,  inctisantes  violatum  hospitii  foedus  deum- 
que  invocantes,  cuius  ad  sollemne  ludosque  per  fas  ac 
fidem  decepti  venissent.     ISTec  raptis  aut  spes  de  se 

14  melior  aut  indignatio  est  minor.  Sed  ipse  Romulus 
circumibat,  docebatque  patrum  id  superbia  factum, 
qui  conubium  f Initimis  negassent :  illas  tamen  in  ma- 
trimonio,  in  societate  f ortunarum  omnium  civitatisque, 
et,  quo  nihil  carius  htimano  generi  sit,  liberum  fore ; 

15  mollirent  modo  Iras,  et,  quibus  fors  corpora  dedisset, 
darent  animos ;  saepe  ex  iniuria  postmodum  gratiam 
ortam,  eoque  melioribus  usuras  virls,  quod  adnlsurus 
pro  se  quisque  sit,  ut,  cum  suam  vicem  functus  officio 
sit,  parentium  etiam   patriaeque   expleat  deslderium. 

by  the  one  who  happened  to  he  nearest.  — ex.  plebe:  L.  often  joins  a 
prep,  and  its  case  to  a  noun  in  an  adjectival  sense.  12.  clamitatum : 
the  cry  was  raised.  The  origin  of  the  shout  "  Thalassio,"  with  whicli  a 
bride  was  led  into  her  husband's  house,  is  uncertain.  13.  hospitii  f . : 
hospitality,  guest  friendship,  which  the  Romans  had  given  by  inviting 
them  to  the  games  and  to  their  houses.  —  per  .  .  .  decepti:  they  had 
trusted  to  the  inviolability  of  a  religious  festival  and  to  the  pledge  of 
protection  implied  in  hospitality.  Fas  and  ./fdem  refer  chiastically  to 
invocantes  and  incusantes.  14.  matrimonio  :  the  women  feared  that, 
as  their  people  had  refused  conubium  with  the  Romans,  they  would  be 
held  as  slaves.  Romulus  assured  them  that  their  marriage  should  be 
iustum,  regular,  as  if  conubium  had  existed,  and  their  children  would 
therefore  be  free.  — quo  ...  sit:  the  dearest  thing  to  human  nature. 
The  antecedent  of  quo  is  liberum  fore.  15.  melioribus  .  .  .  viris: 
would Jind  their  husbands  6e«er.  — suam  vicem:  for  his  oionpart. 


LIBER   I  19 

Accedebant  blanditiae   virorum   factum    purgantium  ig 
cupiditate   atque   amore,   quae   maxiiue   ad   muliebre 
ingeniura  efficaces  preces  sunt. 

10.  lam  admodum  mitigati  animi  raptis  erant.  At 
raptarum  parentes  tum  maxime  sordida  veste  lacrimis- 
que  et  querellls  civitates  concitabant.  Nee  domi  tan- 
tum  indignationes  continebant,  sed  congregabantur 
undique  ad  Titum  Tatium,  regem  Sabinorum,  et  lega- 
tiones  eo,  quod  maximum  Tatii  nomen  in  ils  regioni- 
bus  erat,  conveniebant.  Caeninenses  Crustuminique  2 
et  Antemnates  erant,  ad  quos  eius  iniuriae  pars  per- 
tinebat.  Lente  agere  his  Tatius  Sabinique  visi  sunt ; 
ipsi  inter  se  tres  populi  commimiter  bellum  parant. 
Ne  Crustuminl  quidem  atque  Antemnates  pro  ardore  3 
Iraque  Caeninensium  satis  se  impigre  movent ;  ita  per 
se  ipsum  nomen  Caenmum  in  agrum  Komanum  im- 
petum  facit.  Sed  effuse  vastantibus  fit  obvius  cum  4 
exercitu  Romulus,  levique  certamine  docet  vanam 
sine  viribus  Tram  esse.  Exercitum  fundit  fugatque, 
fusum  persequitur;  regem  in  proelio  obtruncat  et 
spoliat;  duce  hostium  occlso  urbem  primo  impetu 
capit.  Inde  exercitu  victore  reducto  ipse,  cum  factis  5 
vir  magnificus  tum  factorum  ostentator  baud  minor,, 
spolia  ducis  hostium  caesi  suspensa  fabricate  ad  id 
apte  ferculo  gerens  in  Capitolium  escendit,  ibique  ea 
cum  ad  quercum  pastoribus  sacram  deposuisset,  simul 

10.  1.  turn  maxime :  i.e.  on  the  ground  of  personal  feelings  rather 
than  for  general  reasons.  —  tantum :  not  to  be  taken  with  tiec;  they 
did  not  keep  their  feeling  at  home,  as  one  might  expect.  2.  Lente :  too 
slowly.  3.  ndmen  =  })opul us ;  all  who  were  called  by  the  name 
Caeninenses.  4.  effuse  v.:  as  they  ivere  scattered  in  plundering. — 
fusum:  cf.  captu)n,  c.  o.  3.  5.  victore:  adj.,  victorious. — ad  id:  for 
the  purpose.  L.  here  practically  ascribes  to  Romulus  the  first  triumph, 
though  he  uses  the  word  first  of  Tarquinius  Priscus  in  c.  38.  3.  —  p&sto- 


20  TITI  LIVI 

cum  dono  designavit  templo  lovis  finis  cognomenque 
G  addidit  deo.  "luppiter  Feretrl/'  inquit,  "haec  tibi 
victor  Eomulus  rex  regia  arma  fero,  templumque  his 
regionibus,  quas  modo  animo  metatus  sum,  dedico 
sedem  oplmis  spolils  quae  regibus  ducibusque  hostium 
7  caesis  me  auctorem  sequentes  poster!  ferent."  Haec 
tempi!  est  or!go,  quod  primum  omnium  E-omae  sacra- 
tum  est.  Ita  deinde  di!s  visum,  nee  inritam  condi- 
toris  tempi!  vocem  esse,  qua  laturos  eo  spolia  posteros 
ntincupavit,  nee  multitudine  conpotum  eius  don!  vul- 
gar! laudem.  Bina  postea  inter  tot  an'nos,  tot  bella 
op!ma  parta  sunt  spolia ;  adeo  rara  eius  f  ortuna  decoris 
fuit. 

11.  Dum  ea  ibi  Eoman!  gerunt,  Antemnatium  exer- 
citus  per  occasionem  ac  solittidinem  hostiliter  in  f!nes 
Eomanos  incursionem  f acit.     Eaptim  et  ad  hos  Romana 

2  legio  ducta  palatos  in  agr!s  oppressit.  Fus!  igitur 
pr!mo  impetu  et  clamore  hostes,  oppidum  captum ;  du- 
plicique  victoria  ovantem  Eomulum  Hersilia  coniunx, 
precibus  raptarum  fat!gata,  orat  ut  parentibus  earum 
det  veniam  et  in  c!vitatem  accipiat :  ita  rem  coalescere 

3  Concordia  posse.  Facile  impetratum.  Inde  contra 
Crustum!nos  profectus  bellum  !nferentes.  Ibi  minus 
etiam,  quod  aliems  cladibus  ceciderant  anim!,  certa- 


ribus:  hy  the  shepherds;  the  dative  with  sacer  usually  is  of  that  to 
which  an  ohjeet  is  consecrated.  6.  me  a.:  my  example.  7.  Ita:  an- 
ticipates the  following  infinitives. — doni:  join  with  conpotum  and 
also  Zawdem,  —  Bina:  two  only ;  by  Cornelius  Cossus  from  the  leader 
of  the  Veientes,  437  e.g.,  and  by  Claudius  Marcellus  from  the  leader  of 
the  Insubrians,  222  B.C. 

11.  1.  ibi:  at  Caenina.  — per  .  .  .  solitudinem:  taking  advantage 
of  the  absence  of  the  army.  —  legio:  army ;  originally  levy.  2.  cla- 
more: battle  s/iOMi.  — Hersilia:  one  of  the  stolen  women,  afterward 
worshipped  under  the  name  of  Hora,  goddess  of  marriage  and  fertility. 


LIBER   I  21 

minis  fuit.     Utroque  coloniae  missae ;  plur6s  invent!,  4 
qui  propter  ubertatem  terrae  in  Crustummum  nomina 
darent.     Et  Komam  inde  frequenter  migratum  est,  a 
parentibus  maxime  ac  propinquis  raptarum. 

Novissimum  ab  Sabinis  bellum  ortum,  multoque  id  5 
maximum  fuit ;  nihil  enim  per  iram  aut  cupiditatem 
actum  est,  nee  ostenderunt  bellum  prius  quam  intul6- 
runt.     Consilio  etiam  additus  dolus.      Spurius   Tar-  6 
peius  Romanae  praeerat  arcl.     Hiiius  flliam  virginem 
auro  corrumpit  Tatius,  ut  armatos  in  arcem  accipiat — 
aquam  forte  ea  tum  sacrTs  extra  moenia  petitum  ierat ; 
accepti  obrutam  armis  necavere,  seu  ut  vi  capta  potius  7 
arx  vidergtur,  seu  prodendi  exempli   causa,  ne  quid 
usquam  f idum  proditorl  esset.     Additur  f abulae,  quod  8 
vulgo  Sabinl  aureas  armillas  magni  ponderis  bracchio 
laevo   gemmatosque   magna   specie  anulos  habuerint, 
pepigisse  eam  quod  in  sinistrls  manibus  liaberent ;  eo 
scuta  ill!  pro  aurels  donis  congesta.     Sunt  qui  eam  ex  9 
pacto  tradendi  quod  in  sinistrls  manibus  esset  derecto 
arma  petisse  dicant,  et  fraude  visam  agere  sua  ipsam 
peremptam  mercede. 


4.  TJtroque:  to  Anteranae  and  Crustumcrium.  Nothing  is  said  of 
Caenina.  The  great  Roman  principle  of  colonization  as  the  moans  of 
keeping  subject  places  in  order  is  referred  to  Romulus.  5.  Novissi- 
mum :  the  last  that  rose  from  the '  rape  of  the  Sabines.'  —  per  .  . .  cupidi- 
tatem: a  modal  expression;  cf.  ird  et  cvp.,  c.  12.  1.  —  nee  .  .  .  intule- 
runt:  nor  did  announcement  precede  action;  priusquam  with  the 
perf.  ind.  in  a  purely  temporal  relation.  6.  Tarpeius:  from  c.  55.  1. 
we  learn  that  the  original  name  of  the  hill  was  nwns  Tarpeius.  The 
later  citadel  was  on  the  northern  summit.  —  sacris:  dat.  The  legend 
represents  Tarpeia  as  a  Vestal.  8.  aureas  a.:  yet  the  Sabines  were 
the  stock  example  of  frugal  poverty. — pepigisse:  stipulated  for. 
9.  fraude  v. :  the  legend  says  that  Tatius,  thinking  that  she  intended 
to  betray  the  Sabines,  threw  his  shield  so  fiercely  at  her  that  he 
killed  her. 


22  TITI   LIVI 

12.  Tenuere  tamen  arcem  SabinT,  atque  inde  postero 
die,  cum  Komanus  exercitus  instructus  quod  inter 
Palatlnum  Capitollnumque  collem  campi  est  comples- 
set,  non  prius  descenderunt  in  aequum,  quam  ira  et 
cupiditate   recuperandae   arcis  stimulante   animos   in 

2  adversmn  EomanI  subiere.  Principes  utrimque  pu- 
gnam  ciebant,  ab  Sabinis  Mettius  Curtius,  ab  Eomanis 
Hostius  Hostllius.     Hic  rem  Romanam  iniquo  loco  ad 

3  prima  signa  animo  atque  audacia  sustinebat.  Ut 
Hostius  cecidit,  confestim  Eomana  incllnatur  acies, 

4  fusaque  est  ad  veterem  portam  Palatii.  Romulus  et 
ipse  turba  fugientium  actus,  arma  ad  caelum  tollens, 
"luppiter,  tuls,"  inquit,  "iussiis  avibus  hic  in  Pala- 

5  tio  prima  urbi  fundamenta  ieci.  Arcem  iam  scelere 
emptam  Sabini  habent;  inde  hue  armati  superata 
media  valle  tendunt.  At  tu,  pater  detim  hominumque, 
hinc  saltem  arce  hostes,  deme  terrorem  Romanis  fu- 

6  gamque  foedam  siste.  Hic  ego  tibi  templum  Statorl 
lovi,  quod  monumentum  sit  posteris  tua  praesenti  ope 

7  servatam  urbem  esse,  voveo."  Haec  precatus,  velut  si 
sensisset  auditas  preces,  "Hinc,"  inquit,  "RomanI, 
luppiter  optimus  maximus  resistere  atque  iterare  pti- 
gnam  iubet."    Restitere  Roman!  tamquam  caelesti  voce 

8  iussi;  ipse  ad  primores  Romulus  provolat.  Mettius 
Curtius  ab  Sabinis  princeps  ab  arce  decucurrerat,  et 

12.  1.  tamen:  hoioever  that  may  be,  whichever  story  is  true. — 
quod  .  .  .  est:  the  low  ground  afterward  occupied  in  part  by  the 
forum,  —  adversum:  sc.  montem.  2.  Principes:  at  the  head  of,  in 
advance  of,  as  in  §  8.  —  ab:  on  the  side  of.  Hostius  Hostilius  was  the 
grandfather  of  tlie  later  king,  Tullus  Hostilius.  —  audacia:  modal  abl. 
following  animo.  3.  veterem  p. :  the  porta  Mugionis,  one  of  the 
three  gates  of  the  Palatium,  on  the  northeastern  side.  6.  Statori  I. : 
order  reversed  for  emphasis.  The  temple  was  not  built  till  294  b.c.  by 
M.  Atilius.    Its  substructions  have  in  recent  years  been  uncovered. 


LIBER  I  23 

effusos  Sgerat  Romanos  toto  quantum  foro  spatium 
est,  nee  procul  iam  a  porta  Palatii  erat,  clamitans 
"  Vicimus  perfidos  liospites,  imbelles  hostes.  Iam 
sciunt  longe  aliud  esse  virgines  rapere,  aliud  pugnare 
cum  viris."  In  eum  haec  gloriantem  cum  globo  fero-  9 
cissimorum  iuvenum  Romulus  impetum  facit.  Ex 
equo  tum  forte  Mettius  pugnabat;  eo  pelli  facilius 
fuit.  Pulsum  liomanl  persequuntur,  et  alia  Romana 
acies  audacia  regis  accensa  fundit  Sabinos.  Mettius  lo 
in  paludem  sese  strepitti  sequentium  trepidante  equo 
coniecit ;  averteratque  ea  res  etiam  Sabinos  tanti  peri- 
culo  viri.  Et  ille  quidem  adnuentibus  ac  vocantibus 
suls  favore  multorum  addito  animo  evadit;  Roman! 
Sabinique  in  media  convalle  duorum  montium  redinte- 
grant  proelium,  sed  res  Romana  erat  superior. 

13.  Tum  Sabinae  mulieres,  quarum  ex  iniuria  bel- 
lum  ortum  erat,  crinibus  passis  scissaque  veste,  victo 
malls  muliebri  pavore,  ansae  se  inter  tela  volantia 
inferre,  ex  transverso  impetu  facto  dirimere  mfestas 
acies,  dirimere  Iras,  liinc  patres  hinc  viros  orantes  ne  2 
se  sanguine  nefando  socerl  generlque  respergerent,  ne 
parricidio  macularent  partus  suos,  nepotum  illl,  hi 
liberum  progeniem.  "Si  adflnitatis  inter  vos,  si  co-  3 
nubil  piget,  in  nos  vertite  Iras;  nos  causa  belli,  nos 


8.  toto  .  .  .  est:  across  the  whole  length  of  the  foruin.—longi  .  .  .  ra- 
pere: stealinri  maideyis  is  a  far  different  thing  from.  9.  2l\z.  =  reliqua. 
10.  averterat:  had  turned  for  the  moment.  — Ule  q. :  he  indeed  es- 
caped, but  the  battle  Avas  renewed  and  the  Romans  were  getting  the 
better  of  it.  —  adnuentibus :  a  good  illustration  of  L.'s  fondness  for 
the  abl.,  two  abl.  abs.  separated  by  a  causal  abl. 

13.  1.  ex...  facto:  pushing  in  from  the  side.  2.  parricidio: 
used  of  the  nuirder  of  any  relative.  —  suos :  of  the  women.  —  nepotum 
and  liberum:  epexegetic  to  progeniem,  which  in  translation  omit. 
3.  Si :  the  change  from  indirect  to  direct  speech  is  very  effective ;  cf . 


24  TITI  LIVI 

vulnerum  ac  caedium  viris  ac  parentibus  suinus ;  melius 
peribimus  quam  sine  alteris  vestrum  viduae  aut  orbae 

4  vivemus."  Movet  res  cum  multitudinem  tum  duces. 
Silentium  et  repentlna  fit  quies,  inde  ad  f oedus  facien- 
dum duces  prodeunt ;  nee  pacem  modo  sed  civitatem 
unam  ex  duabus  faciunt,  regnum  consociant,  imperium 

5  omne  conferunt  Eomam.  Ita  geminata  urbe,  ut  Sabi- 
nis  tamen  aliquid  daretur,  Quirltes  a  Curibus  appellati. 
Monumentum  eius  pugnae,  ubi  primum  ex  profunda 
emersus  paltide  equus  Curtium  in  vado  statuit,  Cur- 
tium  lacum  appellarunt. 

6  Ex  bello  tarn  trlsti  laeta  repente  pax  cariores  Sabi- 
nas  viris  ac  parentibus  et  ante  omnes  Eomulo  ipsi 
fecit.     Itaque,  cum  populmn  in  curias  triginta  dlvi- 

7  deret,  nomina  earum  ctiriis  imposuit.  Id  non  traditur, 
cum  baud  dubie  aliquanto  numerus  maior  hoc  mulie- 
rum  fuerit,  aetate  an  dignitatibus  suis  virorumve  an 
sorte  lectae  sint,  quae  nomina  curiis  darent. 

8  Eodeni  tempore  et  centuriae  tres  equitum  conscri- 
ptae  sunt :  Eamnenses  ab  Eomulo,  ab  T.  Tatio  Titienses 

c.  41.  3,  and  47.  3.  — melius  p. :  it  loill  he  better  for  us  to  die.  4.  Si- 
lentium: the  cessation  of  the  noise;  quies:  of  the  fighting. — impe- 
rium: sovereignity.  5.  Curibus:  the  town  was  about  25  miles  N.  E. 
of  Rome,  now  Correse.  The  historical  fact  underlying  this  account 
was  the  union  of  the  Sabine  and  Roman  settlements  on  the  Quirinal 
and  the  Palatine  hills.  —  Curtium  1.:  a  place  in  the  forum.  L.  gives 
the  other  story  of  the  origin  of  the  name  in  7.  6.  The  monument  was 
not  the  place,  but  the  name.  6.  repente:  as  adj.;  cf.  c.  6.  l.,fin. — 
cHrias :  L.  lightly  passes  over  this  ultimate  fact  of  Roman  history,  the 
formation  of  the  tribes  and  the  cw'iae,  but  the  real  origin  of  the  tribes 
is  as  little  known  to-day  as  it  was  to  L.  Each  tribe  had  ten  curiae, 
but  their  names  were  in  many  cases  local.  7.  hoc :  the  number  of  the 
curiae.  8.  centuriae:  as  the  word  {— centiunviria)  iudicaXQS,  each 
century  consisted  of  100  horsemen,  ten  furnished  by  each  curia. — 
Bamnenses:  adj.  used  substantively;  the  names  were  Ramiies,  Tities, 
Luceres. 


LIBER   I  25 

appellati ;  Lucerum  nominis  et  originis  causa  incerta 
est.  Inde  non  modo  commune  sed  concors  etiam 
regnum  duobus  regibus  fuit. 

14.  Post  aliquot  annos  propinqui  regis  Tatii  legates 
Laurentium  pulsant,  cumque  Laurentes  itire  gentium 
agerent,  apud  Tatium  gratia  suorum  et  preces  plus 
poterant.  Igitur  illorum  poenam  in  se  vertit:  nam  2 
Lavini,  cum  ad  sollemne  sacrificium  eo  venisset,  con- 
cursu  facto  interficitur.  Eam  rem  minus  aegre  quam  3 
dlgnum  erat  tulisse  Romulum  ferunt,  sen  ob  infidam 
societatem  regnl,  seu  quia  baud  iniuria  caesum  crede- 
bat.  Itaque  bello  quidem  abstinuit;  ut  tamen  ex- 
piarentur  legatorum  iniuriae  regisque  caedes,  foedus 
inter  llomam  Laviniumque  urbes  renovatum  est. 

Et  cum  his  quidem  insperata  pax  erat ;  aliud  multo  4 
propius  atque   in   ipsis   prope   portis   bellum   ortum. 
Fidenates   nimis   vicinas   prope  se  convalescere  opes 
rati,  priusquam  tantum  roboris  esset  quantum  futurum 
apparebat,  occupant  bellum  facere.     luventute  armata 
immissa  vastatur  agri  quod  inter  urbem  ac  Fidenas  est. 
Inde  ad  laevam  versi,  quia  dextra  Tiberis  arcebat,  cum  5 
magna  trepidatione  agrestium  populantur;  tumultus- 
que  repens  ex  agris  in  urbem  iiilatus  pro  niintio  fuit. 
Excitus  Romulus  —  neque  eiiim  dilationem  pati  tam  6 
vicinum  bellum  poterat  —  exercitum  ediicit,  castra  a 

14.  Death  of  Tatius.  War  with  Fidenae.  1.  pnlaajxt :  malt7'eated. 
—  iure  g. :  satisfaction,  and  the  surrender  of  the  wrongdoers  were 
demanded  by  fetials.  2.  Igitur  =  itaque,  icith  the  resvlt.  —  sollemne : 
the  annual  offering  of  the  Latin  league.  3.  ob  .  .  .  regfni:  the  emphasis 
is  in  the  adj.  on  account  of  insincerity  that  belongs  to  partnerships  in 
royalty.  4.  propius:  the  use  of  the  did]. propius  followed  closely  by 
the  cognate  adv.  prope  and  prep,  prope  in  the  next  sentence  is  charac- 
teristic of  L.  — occupant:  anticipate.  Cf.  21.  39.  10.  5.  tumultus: 
disorderly  crowd ;  repens,  like  an  adv. 


26  TITI  LIVI 

7  Fidenis  mille  passuum  locat.  Ibi  modico  praesidio 
relicto,  egressus  omnibus  copiis  partem  militum  locis 
circa  densa  obsita  virgulta  obscurls  subsidere  in  insidils 
iussit;  cum  parte  maiore  atque  omnI  equitatu  profe- 
ctus,  id  quod  quaerebat,  tumultuoso  et  minaci  genera 
pugnae  adequitando  ipsis  prope  portis  hostem  excivit. 
Fugae  quoque,  quae  simulanda  erat,  eadem  equestris 

8  pugna  causam  minus  mirabilem  dedit.  Et  cum  velut 
inter  pugnae  fugaeque  consilium  trepidante  equitatu 
pedes  quoque  refer  ret  gradum,  plenis  repente  portis 
effusi   hostes,  impulsa  Romana   acie,  studio  Instandi 

9  sequendlque  trahuntur  ad  locum  insidiarum.  Inde 
subito  exorti  Roman!  transversam  invadunt  liostium 
aciem ;  addunt  pavorem  mota  e  castris  signa  eorum, 
qui  in  praesidio  relict!  fueraiit.  Ita  multiplic!  terrore 
perculs!  Fidenates,  prius  paene  quam  Romulus  qmque 
cum  eo  equites  erant  circumagerent  fren!s  equos,  terga 

10  vertunt,  multoque  eif  usius,  quippe  vera  f  uga,  qu!  simu- 
lantes  paulo  ante  secuti  erant,  oppidum  repetebant. 

11  Non  tamen  eripuere  se  host! :  haerens  in  tergo  Eo- 
manus,  priusquam  fores  portarum  obicerentur,  velut 
agmine  uno  inrumpit. 

15.  Bell!  Fidenatis  contagione  inr!tat!  Veientium 
anim!  et  consanguinitate  —  nam  Fidenates  quoque 
Etrusc!  f uerunt  —  et  quod  ipsa  propinquitas  loc!,  s! 

6.  mille:  ace.  7.  modico:  sufficient,  as  in  21.  61.  4. —  praesidio: 
troops,  in  §  9  camp.—\0Qi^  .  .  .  insidiis:  to  lie  in  ambush  in  places 
hidden  here  and  there  about  the  thick  underbrush. — id  .  .  .  quae- 
rebat:  the  very  thing  he  desired,  refers  to  hostem  excivit.  —  adequi- 
tando :  ger.  appositive  to  genere.  8.  velut :  with  partic.  as  in  c.  4.  5 ; 
.31.3.  —  plenis:  in  croi«c?5,  a  transferred  adj.  9.  circumagerent  .  .  . 
equos:  could  rein  in  their  horses.  10.  fuga:  modal  abl.  In  c.  27.  3. 
L.  mentions  a  colony  sent  to  Fidenae. 

15.  War  with  Veil.    1.  inritati:  so.  sunt.  —  s,l:  the  conclusion  is 


LIBER   I  27 

Romana  arma  omnibus  infesta  fmitimis  essent,  stimu- 
labat.    In  fines  Romanos  excucurrerunt  populabundi 
magis   quara   iiisti   more    belli.     Itaque    non    castris  2 
positis,  noil   exspectato  hostium  exercitti,  rapt^m  ex 
agris   praedam    portantes  Veios    rediere.      Romanus 
contra,  postquam  hostem  in  agris  non  invenit,  dimica- 
tioni  ultimae  instructus  intentusque  Tiberim  transit. 
Quern  postquam  castra  ponere  et  ad  urbem  accessurum  3 
Veientes  audivere,  obviam  egressi,  ut  potius  acie  d6- 
cernerent   quam  inclQsI  de  tectis  moenibusque  dimi- 
carent.     Ibi  viribus  nulla  arte  adiutis  tantum  veteran!  4 
robore   exercitus   rex    Romanus   vicit,   persecutusque 
fusos  ad  moenia  hostes  urbe  valida  muris  ac  sitil  ipso 
munlta   abstinuit;    agros    rediens    vastat    ulclscendi 
magis  quam  praedae  studio.     Eaque  clade  baud  minus  5 
quam  adversa  pugna  subacti  Veientes  pacem  petitum 
oratores   Romam   mittunt.      AgrI   parte   multatls    in 
centum  annos  indutiae  datae. 

Haec  f erme  Romulo  regnante  domi  militiaeque  gesta,  6 
quorum  nihil  absonum  fidei  divlnae  originis  divlnita- 
tisque  post  mortem  creditae  fuit,  non  animus  in  regno 
avito  recuperando,  non  condendae  urbis  consilium,  non 
bello  ac  pace  f irmandae.     Ab  illo  enim  prof ecto  viribus  7 
datis  tantum  valuit,  ut  in  quadraginta  deinde  annos 
ttltam  pacem  haberet.     Multitudinl  tamen  gratior  fuit  8 
quam  patribus,  longe  ante  alios  acceptissimus  mllitum 

implied  in  propinquitds,  the  danger  that  would  result  from  the  neigh- 
borhood of  tlie  Romans.  2.  dimicationi  u. :  a  decisive  struggle.  3.  de : 
for.  4.  arte:  .stratagem,  as  with  the  Fidenates.  —  robore :  might. 
5.  dTS.tdTea  =  legfitos,  lit.  "  speakers."— parte:  this  was  said  to  be 
on  the  west  bank  of  the  Tiber,  the  district  which,  in  c.  33.  9,  L.  says 
was  taken  by  Ancus  from  Veii.  6.  ferme:  in  general,  not  a  complete 
enumeration. —absonum  f.:  inconsistent  ivith  the  belief  ,\ti del  is  dat. 
7.  illo:  i.e. Romulus.- quadraginta:  Numa's  reign.    8.  militum  a. : 


28  TITI  LIVI 

animis ;  trecentosque  armatos  ad  ctistodiam  corporis, 
quos  Celeres  appellavit,  non  in  bello  solum  sed  etiam 
in  pace  habuit. 

16.  His  immortalibus  editis  operibus  cum  ad  exer- 
citum  recensendum  contionem  in  campo  ad  Caprae 
Paludem  haberet,  subito  coorta  tempestas  cum  magno 
fragore  tonitribusque  tarn  denso  regem  operuit  nimbo, 
ut  conspectum  eius  contioni  abstulerit;  nee  deinde  in 

2  terris  Eomulus  fuit.  Romana  pubes  sedato  tandem 
pavore,  postquam  ex  tam  turbido  die  serena  et  tran- 
quilla  lux  rediit,  ubi  vacuam  sedem  regiam  vidit,  etsi 
satis  credebat  patribus,  qui  proximi  steterant,  subli- 
mem  raptum  procella,  tamen  velut  orbitatis  metu  icta 

3  maestum  aliquamditi  silentium  obtinuit.  Deinde,  a 
panels  initio  facto,  deum  deo  natum,  regem  parentem- 
que  urbis  Eomanae  salvere  universi  Eomulum  iubent ; 
pacem  precibus  exposcunt,  uti  volens  propitius  suam 

4  semper  sospitet  progeniem.  Fuisse  credo  tum  quoque 
aliquos,  qui  discerptum  regem  patrum  manibus  taciti 
arguerent  —  manavit  enim  liaec  quoque  sed  perob- 
sctira  f  ama ;    illam  alteram .  admiratio  virl  et  pavor 

5  praesens  nobilitavit.  Et  consilio  etiam  unlus  hominis 
addita   rel   dicitur  fides.      ISTamque   Proculus   lulius, 

L.  seems  to  think  of  a  standing  army  and  to  have  in  mind  a  tradition 
that  made  Romulus  a  tyrant  like  Tarquinius  Superbus,  hated  by  the 
senate.  Tlie  suggestion  of  it  prepares  the  way  for  the  story  of  his 
death. — trecentos:  apparently  L.  means  those  mentioned  in  c.  13.  8. 
The  origin  of  the  name  Celeres  is  obscure. 

16.  Deification  of  Romiilus.  1.  Paludem:  the  Goat  Swamp  was 
in  the  Campus  Martins,  perhaps  near  the  site  of  the  Circus  Flaminius. 
2.  raptum:  sc.  es.se.  The  infinitive  depends  upon  the  thought  in  cre- 
debat. Note  the  structure  of  the  period.  3.  salvere :  hail ;  note  the 
alliteration  in  the  sentence,  pacem:  favor;  explained  by  the  lUi 
clause.  4.  manavit:  spread;  lit.  trickled,  a  common  metaphor  for 
the  spreading  of  a  report.    5.  fides :   confirmation ;  objective,  while 


LIBER   I  29 

sollicita  civitate  desiderio  regis  et  infensa  patribus, 
gravis,  ut  traditur,  quamvis  magnae  rel  auctor  in  con- 
tionem  prodit.     "  Romulus,"  inquit,  "  Quirites,  parens  6 
urbis  liuius,  prima  hodierna  luce  caelo  repente  delap- 
sus   se   mihi   obvium   dedit.     Cum  perfusus   horrore 
venerabundus  adstitissem,  petens  precibus,  ut  contra 
intuerl  fas  esset,  *  Abl,  ntintia,'  inquit,  '  Romanis,  cae-  7 
lestes  ita  velle,  ut  mea  Roma  caput  orbis  terrarum  sit ; 
proinde  rem  militarem  colant,  sciantque  et  ita  posteris 
tradant  nullas  opes  humanas  armis  Romanis  resistere 
posse.'     Haec,"  inquit,  "  locutus  sublimis  abiit."     Mi-  8 
rum,  quantum   illi  viro  niintiantl   haec   fides   fuerit, 
quamque  desiderium  Romull  apud  plebem  exercitum- 
que  facta  fide  immortalitatis  lenitum  sit. 

17.  Patriim  interim  animos  certamen  regni  ac  cu- 
pldo  versabat.  Necdum  ad  singulos,  quia  nemo 
inagnopere  eminebat  in  novo  populo,  pervenerat ;  fac- 
tionibus  inter  ordines  certabatur.  Oriundl  ab  Sablnis,  2 
ne,  quia  post  Tatii  mortem  ab  sua  parte  non  erat 
regnatum,  in  societate  aequa  possessionem  imperii 
amitterent,  sui  corporis  creari  regem  volebant;  Ro- 
man! veteres  peregrinum  regem  aspernabantur.  In  3 
variis   voluntatibus   regnarl   tamen    omnes   volebant, 

in  §  8  it  is  subjective,  confidence.  Cf.  21.  34.  3.  — gravis  .  .  .  auctor: 
an  authority  of  weirjht.  (5.  horrore:  awe.  8.  mirum:  sc.  etit.— 
quantum  =  quain;  hoio  confidence  iv an  placed  in  his  story. 

17.  Interregnum.  1.  Patrum :  L.  has  in  mind  the  senate,  which  he 
considers  as  having  100  members,  although  he  implies  in  c.  13  as  others 
expressly  state,  that  the  senate  had  been  doubled  on  the  union  with 
the  Sabines.  Later  the  addition  of  100  members  by  Tarquin  made  300 
senators.  —  singulos.  one  from  each  party,  i.e.  the  Ramnes  and  the 
Tities,  to  which  ordines  refers.  —  factionibus :  contrasted  with  singulos 
(Asyndeton),  in  parties.  3.  In  .  .  .  volebant:  though  their  views  dif- 
fered, yet  all  wished  for  a  monarchy.  The  thought  of  a  republic  had 
not  yet  arisen.    L.  often  uses  prepositional  phrases  like  conditional  or 


30  TITI  LIVI 

4  llbertatis  dulcedine  nondum  experta.  Timor  deinde 
patres  incessit,  ne  clvitatem  sine  imperio,  exercitum 
sine  duce,  multarum  circa  civitatium  inritatis  animis, 
vis  aliqua  externa  adoriretur.  Et  esse  igitur  aliquod 
caput  placebat,  et  nemo  alter!  concedere  in  animum 

5  inducebat.  Ita  rem  inter  se  centum  patres  decern 
decuriis  factis  singulisque  in  singulas  decurias  creatis, 
qui  summae  rerum  praeessent,  consociant.  Decern 
imperitabant ;  unus  cum  inslgnibus  imperil  et  lictori- 

6  bus  erat ;  quinque  dierum  spatio  f Iniebatur  imperium 
ac  per  omnes  in  orbem  Ibat ;  annuumque  intervallum 
regnl  fuit.  Id  ab  re,  quod  nunc  quoque  tenet  nomen, 
interregnum  appellatum. 

7  Fremere  deinde  plebs,  multiplicatam  servitutem, 
centum  pro  uno  dominos  factos ;  nee  ultra  nisi  regem 

8  et  ab  ipsis  creatum  videbantur  passurl.  Cum  sensis- 
sent  ea  mover!  patres,  offerendum  ultro  rat!  quod 
amissur!  erant,  ita  gratiam  ineunt  summa  potestate 
populo  permissa,  ut  non  plus  darent  itiris  quam  reti- 

9  nerent.  Decreverunt  enim  ut,  cum  populus  regem 
iussisset,  id  s!c  ratum  esset,  s!  patres  auctores  fierent. 
Hodie  quoque  in  legibus  magistratibusque  rogandis 
usurpatur  idem  ius,  vi  adempta:  priusquam  populus 

concessive  clauses.  5.  rem:  government.  L.  seems  to  say  that  the 
100  senators  formed  ten  companies  of  ten  each,  which  in  rotation 
formed  a  governing  council  {Imperitdhant) .  Eacli  member  of  the  gov- 
erning company  was  its  presiding  oflticer  in  turn,  acting  as  king,  and 
held  his  impei'ium  five  days.  6.  ibat :  impf .  descriptive  of  the  practice 
during  the  interregnum.  7.  videbantur  p. :  it  seemed  that  the])  loould 
not  endure.  8.  eamoveri:  figure  of  siege ;  the  discontent  was  about  to 
assault  the  position  of  the  senate.  —  iuris:  rights.  9.  populus  =  pZefts, 
in  distinction  ivora  patres.  — rogandis :  proposing,  the  presiding  officer 
'  asked  '  the  people  whether  they  wished  such  a  law,  etc. — vi  a. :  the 
lex  Puhlilia  in  339  B.C.,  and  the  lex  Maenia  probably  in  287  B.C.  required 
the  senate  to  ratify  in  advance  the  action  of  the  people. 


LIBER   I  31 

siiffragium   ineat,   in   incertum   comitiorum   eventum 
paties  aiictores  fiunt.     Tuin  interrex  contione  advo  10 
cata    "Quod   bonum   faustum   felixque   sit,"    inquit, 
"  Quiiites,  regem  create :  ita  patribus  visum  est.     Pa- 
tres  deinde,  si  dignuni,  qui  secimdus  ab  Romulo  nume- 
retur  crearitis,  auc tores  fient."     Adeo  id  gratum  plebi  ii 
fuit,  ut,  ne  victi  beneficio  viderentur,  id  mode  sciscerent 
iuberentque,  ut  senatus  decerneret  qui  Romae  regnaret. 
18.   Inclita  iustitia  religioque  ea  tempestate  Nu- 
mae  Pompili   erat.     Curibus  Sablnis  habitabat,  con- 
sidtissimus  vir,  ut  in  ilia  quisquam  esse  aetate  poterat, 
omnis   divliil   atque    human!    itiris.      Auctorem   doc-    2 
trinae   eius,   quia    non    exstat    alius,   falso    Samium 
Pythagoram    edunt,    quern    Servio    Tullio    regnante 
Romae  centum  amplius  post  annos  in  ultima  Italiae 
ora    circa    Metapontum    Heracleamque    et    Crotona 
iuvenum   aemulantium    studia    coettis   habuisse   con- 
stat.     Ex   quibus    locis,   etsi   eiusdem   aetatis   fuis-    3 
set,  quae  fama  in  Sablnos  ?  aut  quo  linguae  commer- 
cio  quemquam    ad    cupiditatem   discendi  excivisset? 
quove  praesidio  unus  per  tot  gentSs  dissonas  sermons 
moribusque  pervenisset  ?    Suopte  igitur  ingenio  tempe-    4 
rjltum  animum  virtutibus  fuisse  opinor  magis,  instruc- 
tumque  non  tam  peregrlnis  artibus  quam  disciplina 


18.  Election  of  Numa.  1.  Numae  (akin  to  fofxo?) :  the  epony- 
mous author  of  the  Roman  system  of  religious  ceremony.  —  con- 
sultissimus  .  .  .  poterat:  acquainted,  as  far  as  any  one  could  be 
in  (hat  ai/r.  Quisquam  implies  that  no  one  had  complete  knowledge. 
2.  Auctorem :  teacher.  L.  disbelieves  the  tradition  on  account  of 
the  anachronism  involved,  and  also  on  account  of  the  impossibility 
of  communication  between  the  two  men  owing  to  distance,  differ- 
ence of  language,  and  the  character  of  the  people.  3.  fSma:  sc. 
adldta  esset ;  fiima  is  the  subject  of  excivisset.  4.  ingenio:  native 
talents,  abl.  of  cause.  —  artibus :  systems.  —  discipline :  mode  of  life.  — 


32  TITI  LIVI 

taetrica  ac  tristi  veterum  Sabinorum,  quo  genere  ntil- 

5  lum  quondam  incorruptius  fuit.  Audlto  nomine  Nu- 
mae  patres  Eomani,  quamquam  incllnarl  opes  ad 
Sabinos  rege  inde  sumpto  videbantur,  tamen  neque  se 
quisquam  nee  factionis  suae  alium  nee  denique  patrum 
aut  civium  quern quam  praeferre  illi  viro  ausi,  ad  imum 
omnes  Numae  Pompilio   regnum   deferendum   decer- 

6  nunt.  Accitus,  sicut  Komulus  augurato  urbe  condenda 
regnum  adeptus  est,  de  se  quoque  deos  consul!  iussit. 
Inde  ab  augure,  cui  deinde  honoris  ergo  publicum  id 
perpetuumque  sacerdotium  fuit,  deductus  in  arcem,  in 

7  lapide  ad  meridiem  versus  consedit.  Augur  ad  laevam 
eius  capite  velato  sedem  cepit,  dextra  manu  baculum 
sine  nodo  aduncum  tenens,  quem  lituum  appellarunt. 
Inde  ubi  prospectu  in  urbem  agrumque  capto  deos 
precatus  regiones  ab  oriente  ad  occasum  determinavit, 
dextras  ad  meridiem  partes,  laevas  ad  septemtrionem 

8  esse  dixit,  signum  contra,  quoad  longissime  conspec- 
tum  oculi  f erebant,  animo  f inivit ;  tum,  lituo  in  laevam 
manum  translate,  dextra  in  caput  Numae  imposita  pre- 

9  catus  ita  est :  "  luppiter  pater,  si  est  fas  hunc  Numam 
Pompilium,  cuius  ego  caput  teneo,  regem  Romae  esse, 
uti  tu  signa  nobis  certa  adclarassis  inter  eos  fines  quos 

10  feci."  Tum  peregit  verbis  auspicia  quae  mitti  vellet; 
quibus  missis,  declaratus  rex  Numa  de  templo  descendit. 

genere:  race.  6.  augurato:  impersonal  abl.  abs.  as  adv.  of  manner. 
—  honoris  e. :  i.e.  to  give  him  dignity  the  office  of  augur  was  estab- 
lished.—deductus:  escorted,  h\  solemn  form.  8.  signum  c. :  a  land- 
mark opposite,  as  a  mountain.  The  augur  probably  faced  the  south, 
making  the  sky  into  four  sections  by  east  and  west  and  north  and 
south  lines.  The  two  to  the  south  were  favorable  (dextrds),  the  other 
two  unfavorable  (Zaeu«s).  9.  uti  =  utinam.  —  adclarassis:  old  form 
for  adcldr averts.  10.  quibus :  join  with  declaratus ;  pointed  out  as 
king  by  the  omens. 


LIBER  I  33 

19.  Qui  regno  ita  potitus  urbem  novam,  conditam 
vi  et  armis,  iure  earn  legibusque  ac  moribus  de  integro 
condere  parat.  Quibus  cum  inter  bella  adsuescere  2 
videret  non  posse,  quippe  efferarl  militia  animos,  miti- 
gandum  ferocem  populum  armorum  desuettidine  ratus, 
lanum  ad  infimum  Argiletum  indicem  pacis  belllque 
fecit,  apertus  ut  in  armis  esse  civitatem,  clausus  paca- 
tos  circa  omnes  populos  significaret.  Bis  deinde  post  3 
Numae  regnum  clausus  fuit,  semel  T.  Manlio  consuls 
post  Punicum  primum  perfectum  bellum,  iterum,  quod 
nostrae  aetati  dii  dederunt  ut  videremus,  post  bellum 
Actiacum  ab  imperatore  Caesare  Augusto  pace  terra 
marlque  parta.  Clauso  eo  cum  omnium  circa  f  initimo-  4 
rum  societate  ac  f oederibus  iunxisset  animos,  positis  ex- 
ternonim  periculorum  curls  ne  luxuriarent  otio  animi, 
quos  metus  hostium  disci plinaque  militaris  continuerat, 
omnium  primum  rem  ad  multitudinem  imperitam  et 
illls  saeculis  rudem  efficacissimam,  deorum  metum  ini- 
ciendum  ratus  est.  Qui  cum  descendere  ad  animos  5 
sine  aliquo  commento  miraculi  non  posset,  simulat 
sibi  cum  dea  Egeria  congressus  nocturnos  esse ;  eius 
se  monitu,  quae  aeceptissima  diis  essent,  sacra  insti- 
tuere,  sacerdotes  suos  cuique  deorum  praeficere. 

Atque  omnium  primum  ad  curstis  lunae  in  duodecim  6 
menses   descrlbit   annum ;  qiiem,   quia   tricenos   dies 

19-21.  Civil  and  religious  institutions  of  Nnma. 

19.  1.  earn:  repeats  wr6eni  for  emphasis.  2.  quippe  .  .  .  animos: 
parenthetical,  depending  on  the  thought  in  videret.  —  lanum:  an  arch 
near  the   clay  works   (Arf/iletuin)   at  the  northeast  of    the  forum. 

3.  semel:  2;i")  b.c— iterum:  21)  b.c.  That  L.  does  not  mention  the 
fourth   time   in  25  b.c.   shows  approximately  the   time  of    writing. 

4,  luxuriErent:  figure  of  an  unprnncd  vine  implying  lack  of  control 
and  weakness.  5.  descendere  ad:  impress.  EgeriS:  a  nymph,  one 
of  the  Camenae.    G.  omnium  primum :  civil  and  religious  observances 


34  TITI  LIVI 

singulis  mensibus  Itina  non  explet,  desuntque  dies 
solido  anno,  qui  solstitial!  circumagitur  orbe,  interca- 
lariis  mensibus  interponendls  ita  dispensavit,  ut  vlce- 
simo  anno  ad  metam  eandem  solis,  unde  orsi  essent, 
plenis  omnium  annorum  spatiis  dies  congruerent. 
7  Idem  nefastos  dies  fastosque  fecit,  quia  aliquando 
nihil  cum  populo  agl  utile  futurum  erat. 

20.    Tum    sacerdotibus    creandis    animum    adiecit, 
quamquam  ipse  pltirima  sacra  obibat,  ea  maxime  quae 

2  nunc  ad  Dialem  flaminem  pertinent.  Sed  quia  in  ci- 
vitate  bellicosa  plures  E-omuli  quam  Numae  similes 
reges  putabat  fore,  iturosque  ipsos  ad  bella,  ne  sacra 
regiae  vicis  desererentur,  flaminem  lovi  adsiduum 
sacerdotem  creavit,  inslgnique  eum  veste  et  curull  regia 
sella  adornavit.      Huic  duos  flamines  adiecit,  Marti 

3  unum,  alter um  Quirino ;  virginesque  Yestae  legit,  Alba 
oriundum  sacerdotium  et  genti  conditoris  baud  alienum. 
lis,  ut  adsiduae  templl  antistites  essent,  stipendium 
de  publico  statuit,  virginitate  alilsque  caerimoniis  ve- 

4  nerabiles  ac  sanctas  fecit.  Salios  item  duodecim  Marti 
Gradivo  legit,  tunicaeque  pictae  inslgne  dedit  et  super 
tunicam  aeneum  pectorl  tegumen;  caelestiaque  arma, 
quae  ancllia  appellantur,  ferre  ac  per  urbem  Ire  canen- 

and  festivals  depended  upon  a  correct  calendar.  —  solido  anno :  a  solar 
year.  — Sid  metam  eandem:  i.e.  when  the  cycle  of  lunar  years  again 
began  with  the  cycle  of  solar  years.  7.  nefastos :  days  when  it  was 
nefas  to  conduct  public  business,  e.g.  courts. 

20.  2,  similes:  coim^erpo?'^s.  —  regiae  vicis :  office  of  king.—fiS.- 
minem :  the  flamines  were  priests  set  apart  to  the  service  of  special 
deities.  The  fldmen  Didlis,  chief  in  rank,  was  hedged  about  by  many 
ceremonies,  and  could  not  pass  a  night  outside  the  city,  hence  adsi- 
duum, resident,  always  in  attendance. — veste:  the  toga  praetexta. 
3.  stipendium:  i^icome,  from  a  part  of  the  agerpublicus.  4.  Salios: 
i.e.  the  Leapers,  from  salli'e.  —  tunicae:  app.  gen.  to  Inslgne,  dis- 
tinguishing mark  of.  —  caelestiaque :  the  original  of  the  twelve  shields 


LIBER   I  35 

tes  carmina  cum  tripudiis  sollemulque  saltatii  iussit. 
Pontilicem  deinde  Numam  Marcium  Marci  fllium  ex  5 
patribiis  legit,  eique  sacra  omnia  exscrlpta  exsigna- 
taque  attribuit,  quibus  liostiis,  quibus  diebus,  ad  quae 
templa  sacra  fierent,  atque  unde  in  eos  sumpttis  pecu- 
nia  erogaretur.  Cetera  quoque  omnia  publica  priva-  6 
taque  sacra  pontificis  scitis  subiecit,  ut  esset  quo 
consultum  plebes  veniret,  ne  quid  divini  iiiris  negle- 
gendo  patrios  ritus  peregrlnosque  adsclscendo  turbare- 
tur ;  nee  caelestes  modo  caerimonias  sed  iusta  quoque  7 
funebria  placandosque  manes  ut  idem  pontifex  edoce- 
ret,  quaeque  prodigia  fulminibus  aliove  quo  visil  missa 
susciperentur  atque  ctirarentur.  Ad  ea  elicienda  ex 
mentibus  divinis  lovl  Elicio  aram  in  Aventino  dicavit, 
deumque  consuluit  auguriis,  quae  suscipienda  essent. 
21.  Ad  haec  consultanda  proctirandaque  multitudine 
omni  a  vi  et  armis  conversa,  et  animi  aliquid  agendo 
occupati  erant,  et  deorum  adsidua  insidens  cura,  cum 
interesse  rebus  humanis  caeleste  numen  videretur,  ea 
pietate  omnium  pectora  imbuerat,  ut  fides  ac  ius  iu- 
randum  proximo  legum  ac  poenarum  metti  civitatem 
regerent.     Et  cum  ipsi  se  homines  in  regis,  velut  unici  2 


was  said  to  have  fallen  from  the  sky.  5.  Fontificem :  the  pontijices 
were  not  priests,  but  had  the  general  charge  of  religious  affairs. — 
attribuit :  delivered.  In  the  Roman  religion  so  much  depended  ujion 
exactness  of  performance  that  it  was  necessary  that  some  one  should 
have  authority  to  determine  the  times,  forms,  and  details  of  cere- 
monies. 7.  iusta:  proper,  for  laying  the  spirits  (pldcandos  manes), 
of  which  they  had  great  dread.  — ut:  join  with  scitis  subjeeit.  —  ea.: 
sc.  prodigia. 

21.  1.  haec:  the  matters  of  religion,  which  so  absorbed  the  atten- 
tion of  the  people  that  internal  dissension  and  foreign  controversy 
were  forgotten,  while  outside  peoples  stoo<l  in  awe.  —  adsidua:  adver- 
bial in  sense. — ut  .  .  .  regerent:  that  a  sense  0/ personal  obligation, 
superior  to  the  fear  of  legal  penalty,  controlled  the  state.    The  sentence 


36  TITI  LIVI 

exempli,  mores  formarent,  tum  flnitimi  etiam  populi, 
qui  antea  castra,  non  urbem  positam  in  medio  ad  solli- 
citandam  omnium  pacem  crediderant,  in  eam  verecun- 
diam  adducti  sunt,  ut  civitatem  totam  in  cultum  ver- 
sam  deorum  violare  dticerent  nefas. 

3  Lucus  erat,  quem  medium  ex  opaco  specti  fons  pe- 
reniii  rigabat  aqua.  Quo  quia  se  persaepe  Numa  sine 
arbitrls  velut  ad  congressum  deae  inferebat,  Camenis 
eum  lucum  sacravit,  quod  earum  ibi  concilia  cum 
coniuge  sua  Egeria  essent.     Et  Fidel  sollemne  Insti- 

4  tuit.  Ad  id  sacrarium  flamines  blgis  curru  arcuato 
vebi  iussit,  mantique  ad  digitos  usque  involtita  rem 
divinam  f acere,  significantes  fidem  ttitandam  sedemque 

5  eius  etiam  in  dexteris  sacratam  esse.  Multa  alia  sa- 
crificia  locaque  sacrls  faciendis,  quae  Argeos  pontifices 
vocant,  dedicavit.  Omnium  tamen  maximum  eius 
operum  fuit  ttitela  per  omne  regni  tempus  baud  minor 

6  pacis  quam  regnl.  Ita  duo  deinceps  reges,  alius  alia 
via,  ille  bello  hic  pace,  civitatem  auxerunt.  Eomulus 
septem  et  triginta  regnavit  annos,  Numa  tres  et  qua- 
draginta.  Cum  valida  tum  temper ata  et  belli  et  pacis 
artibus  erat  civitas. 

22.  Numae  morte  ad  interregnum  res  rediit.  Inde 
Tullum  Hostllium,  nepotem  Hostili,  cuius  in  infima 
arce  clara  pugna  adversus  Sablnos  fuerat,  regem  po- 

contains  two  cases  of  hendiadySjprox  .  .  .  me^M  being  abl.  abs.  3,  ex 
.  .  .  specu:  join  with  fans,  the  partic.  (prdfluens)  being  omitted  as 
often  in  L.  The  grove  was  just  outside  the  Porta  Capena.  —  quia  .  .  . 
quod:  the  first  clause  gives  L.'s  reason,  the  second  Numa's.  4.  Ad  id 
s. :  to  he?'  shrine,  on  the  Capitol;  id  for  eius,  as  often. — bigis  .  .  . 
arcuato:  a  two-horse  covered  car.  5.  Argeos:  Chapels,  of  which 
there  were  24  in  the  city. 

22-25.   Accession  of  Tullus  Hostilius.     War  with  Alba.    Notice  the 
simplicity  and  clearness  of  the  account. 


LIBER   I  37 

pulus  iussit;    patres  auctores  facti.     Hic  non  solum  2 
proximo  regl  dissimilis  sed  ferocior  etiam  quam  Eo- 
mulus   fiiit.     Cum  aetas  viresque  turn  avita  quoque 
gloria  animum  stimulabat.     Senescere  igitur  civitatem 
otio  ratus  undique  materiam  excitandi  belli  quaerebat. 
Forte  evenit,  ut   agrestes   Roman!   ex   Albano   agro,  3 
Albani  ex  Romano  praedas  in  vicem  agerent.     Impe- 
ritabat  tum  Gaius  Cluilius  Albae.     Utrimque  legati  4 
fere  sub  idem  tempus  ad  res  repetendas  missl.     Tullus 
praeceperat  suis,  ne  quid  prius  quam  mandata  agerent. 
Satis   sciebat   negaturum   Albanum;    ita  pie    bellum 
indici  posse.     Ab  Albanls  socordius  res  acta :  except!  5 
hospitio  ab  Tullo  blande  ac   benigne,  comiter  regis 
conv!vium  celebrant.     Tantisper  Roman!  et  res  repe- 
tiverant  priores  et  negant!  Albano  bellum  in  tr!cesi- 
mum  diem  ind!xerant.     Haec  renuntiant  Tullo.     Tum  6 
legat!s  Tullus  d!cend!  potestatem,  quid  petentes  vene- 
rint,   facit.     111!   omnium   ignar!    pr!mum    ptirgando 
terunt  tempus :  se  inv!tos  quicquam,  quod  minus  pla- 
ceat  Tullo,  dicttiros,  sed  imperio  subig! ;  res  repet!tum 
se  venisse ;  n!  reddantur,  bellum  indicere  iussos.     Ad  7 
haec  Tullus  '' Nuntiate,"  inquit,  "reg!  vestro,  regem 
Romanum  deos  facere  testes,  uter  prius  populus  res 
repetentes   legatos   aspernatus  d!m!serit,   ut   in   eum 
omnes  expetant  hiiiusce  clades  bell!." 

23.  Haec  nuntiant  domum  Alban!.  Et  bellum  utrim- 
que summa  ope  parabatur,  c!v!li  simillimum  bello, 
prope  inter  parentes  natosque,  Troianam  utramque  pro- 

22.  2.  ferocior:  more<larinf/.—SeneBcere:  r/row  weak.  4.  res  r. : 
the  restitution  of  stolen  articles  or  satisfiictiou  for  them.  —  pie:  with 
the  satisfaction  of  proper  forms.  5.  comiter:  as  guests.— tantisper : 
nieanwhilp.  0.  purgando:  in  apologizing :  the  apology  is  in  se  iiivl- 
tos.    7.  uter:  relative  referring  to  eu/n.  —  expetant:  sc.  dii. 


38  TITI   LIVI 

lem,  cum  Lavinium  ab  Troia,  ab  Lavinio  Alba,  ab  Alba- 

2  norum  stirpe  regum  oriiindi  E-omanl  essent.  Eventus 
tamen  belli  minus  miserabilem  dimicationem  fecit, 
quod  nee  acie  certatum  est,  et  tectis  modo  dirutis  alte- 

3  rius  urbis  duo  popull  in  unum  confusi  sunt.  Albanl 
priores  ingenti  exercitu  in  agrum  Eomanum  impetum 
fecere.  Castra  ab  urbe  baud  plus  quinque  milia  pas- 
suum  locant;  fossa  circumdant  —  fossa  Cluilia  ab 
nomine  ducis  per  aliquot  saecula  appellata  est,  donee 

4  cum  re  nomen  quoque  vetustate  abolevit.-  In  his  ca- 
strls  Cluilius  Albanus  rex  moritur ;  dictatorem  Albanl 
Mettium  Etifetium  creant.  Interim  Tullus  f erox  prae- 
cipue  morte  regis,  magnumque  deorum  numen,  ab  ipso 
capite  orsum,  in  omne  nomen  Albanum  expetiturum 
poenas  ob  bellum  impium  dictitans,  nocte  praeteritis 
bostium  castris  infesto  exercitu  in  agrum  Albanum 

5  pergit.  Ea  res  ab  stativis  excivit  Mettium.  Ducit 
quam  proxime  ad  hostem  potest.  Inde  legatum  prae- 
missum  nuntiare  Tullo  iubet,  priusquam  dimicent, 
opus  esse  conloquio;  sT  secum  congressus  sit,  satis 
scire   ea   se   adlaturum,    quae   nihilo   minus   ad   rem 

6  E-omanam  quam  ad  Albanam  pertineant.  Haud 
aspernatus  Tullus,  tamen,  si  vana  adferantur,  in 
aciem  educit.  Exeunt  contra  et  Albanl.  Postquam 
structi  utrimque   stabant,   cum   panels    procerum   in 

7  medium  duces  procedunt.  Ibi  Infit  Albanus :  "  Iniu- 
rias   et  non  redditas  res,  ex  foedere  quae  repetltae 

23.  2.  tectis  modo:  without  the  loss  of  life  usual  in  war.  3.  re: 
in  the  lapse  of  time  {vetustate)  the  ditch  disappeared  and  the  name 
with  it.  4.  capite :  i.e.  Cluilius.  — infesto  :  plundering,  as  in  21.  44.  3. 
5.  opus  esse:  was  desbxihle.  G.  si  .  .  .  adferantur:  if  the  proposi- 
tion should  be  trijiing.  —  stabant:  the  impf.  with  postquam  common 
in  L.  to  describe  an  action  in  progress.    7.   ex.  f . :  join  with  red.  res. 


LIBER   I  39 

sint,  et  ego  regem  nostrum  Cluilium  causam  huiiisce 
esse  belli  audisse  videor,  nee  te  diibito,  Tulle,  eadem 
prae  te  ferre ;  sed  si  vera  potius  quam  dictu  speciosa 
dicenda  sunt,  cupido  imperii  duos  cognatos  vicinosque 
populos  ad  arma  stimulat.  Neque,  recte  an  perperam,  8 
interpreter;  fuerit  ista  eius  deliberatio  qui  bellum 
suscepit;  me  Albanl  gerendo  bello  ducem  creavere. 
Illud  te.  Tulle,  monitum  velim :  Etrtisca  res  quanta 
circa  nos  teque  maxime  sit,  quo  propior  es  Tuscis,  hoc 
magis  scls.  Multum  illi  terra,  plurimum  marl  pollent.  9 
Memor  esto,  iam  cum  signum  pugnae  dabis,  has  duas 
acies  spectaculo  fore,  ut  fessos  conf ectosque  simul  victo- 
rem  ac  victum  aggrediantur.  Itaque  si  nos  di  amant, 
quoniam  non  content!  libertate  certa  in  dubiam  im- 
perii servitiique  aleam  Imus,  ineamus  aliquam  viam 
qua  utrl  utris  imperent,  sine  magna  clade,  sine  multo 
sanguine  utriusque  populi  decern!  possit."  Hand  dis-  lo 
plicet  res  Tullo,  quamquam  cum  indole  anim!  tum  spS 
victoriae  ferocior  erat.  Quaerentibus  utrimque  ratio 
in!tur,  cu!  et  fortuna  ipsa  praebuit  materiam. 

24.  Forte  in  duobus  tum  exercitibus  erant  trigemini 
fratres  nee  aetate  nee  v!ribus  dispares.  Horatios 
Curiatiosque  fuisse  satis  constat,  nee  ferine  res  ant!qua 
alia  est  nobilior;  tamen  in  re  tam  clara  nominum 
error  manet,  utr!us  popul!  Horati!,  utr!us  Curiatii 
f uerint.     Auctores  utroque  trahunt ;  plures  tamen  in- 

—  audisse  videor:  I  have  heard,  I  thinic :  with  Cluilium  supply  dlcen- 
<e7n.  — dictu  speciosa:  plausible.  8.  interpreter:  dec k/e.  — fuerit: 
fut.  perf.  of  command.  — bello:  dat.— Illud:  the  following ;  cog.  ace. 
with  iu  o  It  it  um.— hoc:  abl.  9.  libertate:  independence.  10.  Quae- 
rentibus :  dat.  agt. 

24.  In  this  and  the  following  chapters  the  alliteration,  asyndeton, 
and  antithesis  are  strongly  marked.  1.  nobilior:  better  known.— 
error:  uncertainty. 


40  TITI   LIVI 

venio  qui  Eomanos  Horatios  vocent;  hos  ut  sequar, 

2  incllnat  animus.  Cum  trigeminis  agunt  reges  ut  pro 
sua  quisque  patria  dimicent  f erro :  ibi  imperium  fore, 
unde  victoria  f  uerit.    Nihil  recusatur ;  tempus  et  locus 

3  convenit.  Priusquam  dimicarent,  foedus  ictum  inter 
Eomanos  et  Albanos  est  his  legibus,  ut,  cuius  popull 
elves  eo  certamine  vicissent,  is  alter!  populo  cum  bona 
pace  imperitaret.     Foedera  alia  alils  legibus,  ceterum 

4  eodem  modo  omnia  fiunt.  Tum  ita  factum  accepimus, 
nee  ullius  vetustior  foederis  memoria  est.  Fetialis 
regem  Tullum  ita  rogavit :  "  lubesne  me,  rex,  cum  patre 
patrato  populi  Albani  foedus  f erire  ?  "  lubente  rege 
"  Sagmina,"  inquit,  "  te,  rex,  posco."     E,ex  ait, "  Puram 

5  tollito."  Fetialis  ex  arce  graminis  herbam  puram 
attulit.  Postea  regem  ita  rogavit :  "  Rex,  facisne  me 
tu  regium  nuntium  popull  EomanI  Quiritium,  vasa 
comitesque  meos  ?  "  Rex  respondit :  "  Quod  sine 
fraude  mea  populique  Roman!  Quiritium  flat,  facio." 

6  Fetialis  erat  M.  Valerius.  Is  patrem  patratum  Spurium 
Fusium  fecit,  verbena  caput  capillosque  tangens.  Pater 
patratus  ad  itis  iurandum  patrandum,  id  est,  sancien- 
dum  fit  foedus,  multlsque  id  verbis,  quae  longo  effata 

7  carmine  non  operae  est  referre,  peragit.  Legibus 
deinde  recitatis,  "Audi,"  inquit,  "  luppiter,  audi,  pater 


2.  agunt:  propose.— xaide^^  ubi;  cf.  stare  ah  aliquo.  3.  legibus= 
condicionibus.— Foedera.  .  .  .  fiunt:  i.e.  the  form  of  satisfaction  is 
independent  of  the  terms  of  the  treaty.  4.  Fetialis :  the  fetials,  whose 
spokesman  was  the  2:)a^er  patratus,  were  a  college  of  priests  who  had 
charge  of  the  proceedings  by  which  war  was  declared  or  peace  rati- 
fied. —  ferire :  the  origin  of  the  expression  appears  in  §  8.  —  Sagmina : 
sacred  herbs,  plucked  on  the  Capitol,  and  taken  with  their  roots  and 
the  earth  clinging  to  them,  here  the  same  as  ve?'6e«a.  5.  regium:  in 
place  of  the  king. —  Quod  .  .  .  fiat:  as  far  as  may  &e.— fraude: 
detriment.    6.  carmine: /or;uw^a. 


LIBER   I  41 

patrate  populi  Albanl,  audi  tii,  populus  Albanus:  ut 
ilia  palam  prima  postrema  ex  illis  tabulis  cerave  reci- 
tata  sunt  sine  dolo  malo,  utique  ea  hic  hodie  rectissime 
intellecta  sunt,  illis  legibus  populus  Romanus  prior 
non  deficiet.  Si  prior  defexit  publico  consilio  dolo  8 
malo,  tum  illo  die,  Juppiter,  populum  Romanum  sic 
ferlto,  ut  ego  hunc  porcum  hic  hodie  feriam,  tantoque 
magis  ferlto,  quanto  magis  potes  pollesque."  Id  ubi  9 
dixit,  porcum  saxo  silice  percussit.  Sua  item  carmina 
Albani  suumque  ius  iurandum  per  suum  dictatorem 
suosque  sacerdotes  peregerunt. 

25.  Foedere  icto  trigemini  sicut  convenerat  arma 
capiunt.  Cum  sul  utrosque  adhortarentur,  deos  pa- 
trios,  patriam  ac  parentes,  quicquid  civium  domi,  quic- 
quid  in  exercitu  sit,  illorum  tunc  arma,  illorum  intueri 
maniis,  feroces  et  suopte  ingenio  et  pleiil  adhortantium 
vocibus  in  medium  inter  duas  acies  procedunt.  Con-  2 
sederant  utrimque  pro  castris  duo  exercitus  perlculi 
magis  praesentis  quam  curae  expertes ;  quippe  impe- 
rium  agebatur  in  tarn  paucorum  virtute  atque  fortima 
positum.  Itaque  ergo  erect!  suspenslque  in  minime 
gratuin  spectaculum  animos  intendunt.  Datur  signum,  3 
Infestlsque  armis,  velut  acies,  terni  iuvenes  magnorum 
exercituum  animos  gerentes  concurrunt.  Nee  his  nee 
illis  perlculum  suum,  publicum  imperium  servitiumque 

7.  sine  dolo  malo  :  icithout  guile,  or  in  good  faith.  8.  defexit:  for 
de/ecerit.  \).  saxo  silice:  fliyit  stone,  symbolic  of  Jupiter,  who  pun- 
ished the  breaking  of  treaties. 

25.  1.  quicquid  .  .  .sit:  the  citizens  at  home  and  in  the  army.— 
intueri:  join  with  adhortrirentur ;  each  party  encouraged  its  champions 
to  consider.  — et  .  .  .  et :  connect  the  two  reasons  of  feroces,  the  natural 
dispositions  of  the  young  men,  and  the  encouragements  of  their  friends, 
although  pleni  is  in  the  same  grammatical  construction  as  feroces. 
2.   agebatur:   loas  at  stake.  — ItAque  ergo:  thus  then.    3.  suum,  pu- 


42  TITI  LIVI 

obversatur  animo,  futuraque  ea  deinde  patriae  fortuna 

4  quam  ipsi  fecissent.  Ut  primo  statim  concursu  incre- 
puere  arma  micantesque  fulsere  gladii,  horror  ingens 
spectantis  perstringit,  et  neutro  inclmata  spe  torpebat 

5  vox  spiritusque.  Consertis  deinde  mauibus,  cum  iam 
non  mottis  tantum  corporum  agitatioque  anceps  telo- 
rum  armorumque,  sed  vulnera  quoque  et  sanguis  spec- 
taculo  essent,  duo  EomanI  super  alium  alius,  vulneratis 

6  tribus  Albanls,  exsplrantes  corruerunt.  Ad  quorum  ca- 
sum  cum  conclamasset  gaudio  Albanus  exercitus,  Eo- 
manas  legiones  iam  spes  tota,  nondum  tamen  cura 
deseruerat,  exanimes  vice  unius,  quern  tres   Curiatii 

7  circumsteterant.  Forte  is  integer  f  uit,  ut  iini  versis  solus 
nequaquam  par,  sic  adversus  singulos  ferox.  Ergo  ut 
segregaret  pugnam  eorum,  capessit  fugam,  ita  ratus 
secuttiros,  ut  quemque  vulnere  adfectum  corpus  sineret. 

8  Iam  aliquantum  spatii  ex  eo  loco  ubi  pugnatum  est  aufti- 
gerat,  cum  respiciens  videt  magnis  inter vallls  sequentes, 

;  9  unum  baud  procul  ab  sese  abesse.  In  eum  magno  impetti 
rediit ;  et  dum  Albanus  exercitus  inclamat  Curiatiis,  uti 
opem  ferant  fratri,  iam  Horatius  caeso  hoste  victor  se- 
cundam  pugnam  petebat.  Tunc  clamore,  qualis  ex 
insperato  faventium  solet,  EomanI  adiuvant  militem 

10  suum,  et  ille  def ungi  proelio  f estlnat.  Prius  itaque  quam 
alter,  qui  nee  procul  aberat,  consequi  posset,  et  alterum 

blicum:  note  the  vividness  given  by  the  asyndeton  and  the  chias- 
mus.—futura  .  .  .fortuna:  the  thought  that, -psLrtic.  for  mt.  4.  arma: 
shields,  as  in  §  12,  upon  which  the  javelins  of  the  first  encounter 
rattled.  5.  anceps:  on  both  sides.  7.  ut  .  .  .  sic:  though  yet.— 
universis:  all  together.— ita,:  as  fast  as.  8.  sequentes,  abesse: 
the  partic.  marks  the   circumstance,  the  inf.  the  fact,  so  with  us. 

9.  inclamat  .  .  .  uti:  shouts  .  .  .  «/ia^. —ex  insperato:  unexpectedly ; 
with  solet,  sc.  esse.  —  faventium:    the  regular  word  for  partisans. 

10.  nee:   for  no/i.  —  alterum :   the  second,  with  reference  to  the  one 


LIBER   I  43 

Curiatium  conficit.      lamque   aequato   Marte   singiili  ii 
supererant,  sed  nee  spe  nee  viribus  pares.     Alteriim 
intactum  ferro  corpus  et  geminata  victoria  ferocem  in 
certamen  tertium  dabat ;  alter  f essum  vulnere,  f essum 
cursu  trahens  corpus,  victusque  fratrum  ante  se  strage 
victor!  obicitur  liosti.     Nee  illud  proelium  fuit.     Ro-  12 
manus  exsultans  "Duos"  inquit  "fratrum  Manibus 
dedi ;  tertium  causae  belli  huiusce,  ut  Romanus  Albano 
imperet,  dabo."    Male  sustinenti  arma  gladium  superne 
iugulo  deflgit,  iacentem  spoliat.     Roman!  ovantes  ac  13 
gratulantes  Horatium  accipiunt  eo  maiore  cum  gaudio, 
quo  prope  metimi  res  fuerat.      Ad  sepulturam  inde 
suorum  nequaquam  paribus  anim!s  vertuntur,  quippe 
imperio  alter!  auct!,  alter!  dicionis  alienae  fact!.     Se-  14 
pulcra  exstant  quo  quisque  loco  cecidit,  duo  Romana 
uno  loco  propius  Albam,  tria  Albana  Romam  versus, 
sed  d!stantia  loc!s,  ut  et  pugnatum  est. 

26.  Priusquam  inde  digrederentur,  rogant!  Mettio, 
ex  foedere  icto  quid  imperaret,  imperat  Tullus,  ut! 
iuventutem  in  arm!s  habeat ;  usurum  se  eorum  opera, 
s!  bellum  cum  Veientibus  foret.  Ita  exercitus  inde 
domos  abduct!.  Pr!nceps  Horatius  !bat  trigemina  2 
spolia  prae  se  gerens ;  cu!  soror  virgo,  quae  desponsa 
uni  ex  Curiati!s  fuerat,  obvia  ante  portam  Capenam 
fuit;  cognitoque  super  umeros  fratris  paludaraento 
spons!,  quod  ipsa  confecerat,  solvit  crtnes  et  flebiliter 


already  killed.  11.  Altemm:  ace— dabat:  mad'e.  — ante  se:  before 
his  eyes.  12.  Male:  scarce/?/.— iugulo:  dat.  —  spoliat :  stripped  off 
his  aiinor.  13.  eo  .  .  .  quo :  abl.  measure ;  the  comparative  in  the 
relative  clause  is  much  more  common,  but  the  positive  prope  empha- 
sizes the  actual  nearness.  — dicionis:  pred.  poss.  gen.  14.  Komam  v. : 
Rome  .  .  .  ward. 

26.  Horatius  kills  his  sister.    2.  solvit  crxnes :  a  sign  of  mourning. 


44  TITI  LIVI 

3  nomine  sponsnm  mortunm  appellat.  Movet  feroci 
iuveni  animiim  comploratio  sororis  in  victoria  sua 
tantoque  gaudio  publico.     Stricto  itaque  gladio  simul 

4  verbis  increpans  transfigit  puellam.  "Abi  bine  cum 
immattiro  amore  ad  sponsum,"  inquit,  "  oblita  fratrum 
mortuorum  vivique,  oblita  patriae.     Sic  eat  quaecum- 

5  que  Eomana  lugebit  hostem.''  Atrox  visum  id  facinus 
patribus  plebique,  sed  recens  meritum  facto  obstabat. 
Tamen  raptus  in  ius  ad  regem.  Eex,  ne  ipse  tarn 
tristis  ingratique  ad  vulgus  iudicii  ac  secundum  indi- 
cium supplicii  auctor  esset,  concilio  populi  advocate, 
"  Duumviros,"   inquit,    "  qui    Horatio    perduellionem 

6  iudicent  secundum  legem  facio."  Lex  horrendi  car- 
minis  erat:  "Duumviri  perduellionem  iudicent.  Si 
a  duumviris  provocarit,  provocatione  certato.  Si 
vincent,  caput  obntibito,  infelici  arbori  reste  suspen- 
dito,  verberato  vel  intra  pomerium  vel  extra  pome- 

7  rium."  Hac  lege  duumviri  creati,  qui  se  absolvere  non 
rebantur  ea  lege  ne  innoxium  quidem  posse,  cum  con- 
demnassent,  tum  alter  ex  iis  "  Publl  Horati,  tibi  per- 

3.  iuveni:  dat.  of  ref.  instead  of  gen.  as  often;  note  the  order,  stirs 
the  fierce  youth's  spirit  the  lament.  4.  immaturo:  U7itimely,  hecsiuse 
of  her  forgetfulness  of  the  Koman  victory.  5.  obstabat:  palliated, 
stood  before  so  that  it  could  not  be  seen.  —  ne  i.  .  .  .  auctor  e. :  that 
he  might  not  pronounce,  lit.  be  responsible  for.  L.'s  thought  is  that 
an  unquestioned  crime,  caedes  manifesta,  called  for  no  trial,  only  for 
sentence.  The  king  not  wishing  to  pronounce  sentence  himself  ap- 
pointed two  commissioners,  duoviri,  who  were  to  hold  no  trial,  but 
only  give  sentence.  From  them  an  appeal  was  to  the  people,  not  as  to 
the  justice  of  the  sentence,  but  as  to  its  execution. — perduellionem: 
high  treason,  instead  of  parricldium,  murder.  The  act  of  such  a  hero 
was  regarded  as  more  than  the  crime  of  an  ordinary  man.  6.  certato : 
sc.  reus ;  omission  of  subject,  and  also  change  of  subject,  especially 
with  imperative,  were  common  in  early  laws.  — arbori :  locative ;  arbor 
infelix  was  either  the  f urea  or  crux  to  which  the  criminal  was  fixed. 
—  suspendito:  fasten,  not  hang.    7.  non  .  .  .  ne  .  .  .  quidem:   re- 


LIBER   I  46 

duellionem  iudico  '^  inquit.  "  I,  lictor,  conliga  mantis."  8 
Accesserat  lictor  iniciebatque  laqueum.  Tiiin  Hora- 
tins  auctore  Tullo,  clemente  legis  interprete,  "Pro- 
voco  "  inquit.  Ita  provocatione  certatum  ad  populum 
est.  Moti  homines  sunt  in  eo  iudicio  maxime  Piiblio  9 
Horatio  patre  proclamante,  se  filiam  iure  caesam  iudi- 
care;  nl  ita  esset,  patrio  iure  in  fllium  animadver- 
stirum  fuisse.  Orabat  deinde  ne  se,  quern  paulo  ante 
cum  ggregia  stirpe  conspexissent,  orbum  liberls  face- 
rent.  Inter  haec  senex  iuvenem  amplexus,  spolia  lO 
Curiatiorum  fixa  eo  loco  qui  nunc  Pila  Horatia  appel- 
latur  ostentans,  "Huncine,"  aiebat,  "quem  modo 
decoratum  ovantemque  victoria  incedentem  vidistis, 
Quirites,  eum  sub  furca  vinctum  inter  verbera  et 
cruciatus  videre  potestis,  quod  vix  Albanorum  ocull 
tam  deforme  spectaculum  ferre  possent?  I,  lictor,  11 
conliga  mantis  quae  paulo  ante  armatae  imperium 
populo  Komano  pepererunt.  I,  caput  obntibe  libera- 
toris  urbis  huius ;  arbore  infelici  suspende ;  verbera 
vel  intra  pomerium,  modo  inter  ilia  plla  et  spolia  ho- 
stium,  vel  extra  pomerium,  modo  inter  sepulcra  Curia- 
tiorum. Quo  enim  ducere  hunc  iuvenem  potestis,  ubi 
non  sua  decora  eum  a  tanta  foeditate  supplicil  vindi- 
cent?"  Non  tulit  populus  nee  patris  lacrimas  nee  12 
ipsTus  parem  in  omni  perlculo  animum ;  absolverunt- 
que  admlratione  magis  virttitis  quam  iure  causae. 
Itaque,   ut  caedes   manifSsta  aliquo    tamen    piaculo 

peated  negative,  no,  not  even,  as  in  22.  14.  4.  10.  Pila  H. :  Horatian 
arms,  plural;  cf.  §  11.  The  place  was  in  the  forum,  -decoratum  .  .  . 
victoria :  ivith  the  spoila  and  shont  of  victory.  —  furca :  a  wooden  fork 
to  whose  prongs  the  vit-tim's  hands  were  hound  wliile  he  was  scourged. 
—  quod  .  .  .  spectaculum:  so  dread  a  sir/ht  that,  common  attraction 
into  rel.  cl.     11.  modo:  provided  only  it  he  where  surrounding  objects 


46  TITI  LIVI 

lueretur,  iniperatum  patrl  ut  filium  expiaret  pecunia 

13  publica.  Is  quibusdam  piacularibus  sacrificiis  factis, 
quae  deinde  genti  Horatiae  tradita  sunt,  transmisso 
per  viam  tigillo,  capite  adoperto  velut  sub  iugum 
misit  iuvenem.     Id  hodie  quoque  publice  semper  re- 

14  fectum  manet;  sororium  tigillum  vocant.  Horatiae 
sepulcrum,  quo  loco  corruerat  icta,  constructum  est 
saxo  quadrate. 

27.  Nee  diu  pax  Albana  mansit.  Invidia  vulgi, 
quod  tribus  militibus  fortuna  publica  commissa  fuerat, 
vanum  ingenium  dictatoris  corrtipit,  et,  quoniam  recta 
consilia  baud  bene  evenerant,  pravis  reconciliare  popu- 

2  larium  animos  coepit.  Igitur  ut  prius  in  bello  pacem, 
sic  in  pace  bellum  quaerens,  quia  suae  clvitati  animo- 
rum  plus  quam  virium  cernebat  esse,  ad  bellum  palam 
atque  ex  edicto  gerundum  alios  concitat  populos,  suls 

3  per  speciem  societatis  proditionem  reservat.  Fide- 
nates,  colonia  Komana,  Veientibus  sociis  consilii  ad- 
sumptis,  pacto  transitionis  Albanorum  ad  bellum  atque 

4  arma  incitantur.  Cum  Fidenae  aperte  desclssent, 
Tullus,  Mettio  exercituque  eius  ab  Alba  accito,  contra 
hostes   ducit.     Ubi  Anienem  transiit,  ad  confluentis 

5  conlocat  castra.  Inter  eum  locum  et  Fidenas  Veien- 
tium  exercitus  Tiberim  transierat.     Hi  in  acie  prope 


would  shame  those  punishing.  12.  lueretur :  the  crime  of  treason  in 
which  the  people  became  involved  by  the  acquittal  of  Horatius,  called 
for  public  expiation,  hence  pecMnifipM&Zicft.  13.  sororium  t. :  the  sis- 
ter's beam,  mentioned  as  late  as  the  4th  century,  stretched  across  a 
street  leading  into  the  Vicus  Cyprius.     14.   saxo  q. :  heion  stone. 

27.  War  with  Fidenae;  treachery  of  Mettius.  1.  Nee:  but  .  .  . 
not.—vamum:  inconstant.  2.  animorum:  impulse.  — yvcixiva.:  en- 
durance.—-palsim  a.  e.  e.:  formally  declared.  3.  pacto:  inst.  abl. ; 
agreement  that  the  Albans  would  go  over.  4.  confluentis :  the  junc- 
tion ot  the  Anio  Sixxd  the  Tiber.    5.  et:  also. 


LIBER   I  47 

flumen  tenu6re  dextrum  cornu;  in  sinistro  Fidenates 
propius  montes  consistunt.  Tullus  adversus  Veientem 
hostem  derigit  suos;  Albanos  contra  legionem  Fidg- 
natium  conlocat.  Albano  non  plus  animi  erat  quam 
fidei.  Nee  manere  ergo  nee  transire  aperte  ausus 
sensim  ad  montes  succedit.  Inde,  ubi  satis  subisse  6 
sese  ratus  est,  erigit  totam  aciem,  fluctuansque 
animo,  ut  tereret  tempus,  ordines  explicat.  Con- 
silium erat,  qua  forttina  rem  daret,  ea  incllnare 
vir^s.  Miraculo  primo  esse  Romanis  qui  proximi  7 
steterant,  ut  nudari  latera  sua  sociorum  digressu  sen- 
serunt;  inde  eques  citato  equo  nuntiat  regl  abire 
Albanos.  Tullus  in  re  trepida  duodecim  vovit  Salios 
fanaque  Pallor!  ac  Pavori.  Equitem  clara  increpans  8 
voce,  ut  host^s  exaudirent,  redire  in  proelium  iubet ; 
nihil  trepidatione  opus  esse;  suo  iussu  circumduci 
Albanum  exercitum,  ut  Fidenatium  nuda  terga  inva- 
dant.  idem  imperat  ut  hastas  equites  erigerent.  Id  9 
factum  magnae  parti  peditum  Romanorum  conspectum 
abeuntis  Albani  exercittis  intersaepsit ;  qui  viderant, 
id  quod  ab  r6ge  auditum  erat  rati,  eo  acrius  pugnant. 
Terror  ad  hostes  transit ;  et  audiverant  clara  voce 
dictum,  et  magna  pars  Fidenatium,  ut  qui  colon!  ad- 
dit!  Roman!s  essent,  Lat!ne  sciebant.  Itaque,  ne  10 
subito  ex  collibus  decursti  Albanorum  intercluderentur 
ab    oppido,   terga    vertunt.      Instat  Tullus    fusoque 

6.  erigit  .  .  .  explicat :  instead  of  attacking  he  went  farther  toward 
the  hills  than  he  ought  and  spent  the  time  in  military  evolutions, 
drawing  up  and  opening  his  formation. — qua  .  .  .  eS:  on  which  side; 
—  quo  .  .  .  eo.  —  inclin3,re :  figure  of  weighing ;  throw  into  that  scale. 
7.  citato  equo :  f/allopinf/  up.  —  re  t. :  a  crisis,  as  in  22.  5.  1.  —  Salios : 
the  lesser  college,  called  Quirlndles.  8.  increpans:  rehukim/  the 
horseman  for  his  foolish  fear.  9.  Id  f . :  the  carTvjiiif/  out  of  this  order. 
— id  .  .  .  rati:  so.  esse.  —  additi:  settlers  who  had  joined  those  from 


48  ,    TITI  LIVI 

Fidenatium  cornti  in  Veientem  alieno  pavore  percul- 
sum  ferocior  redit.  Nee  illi  tulere  impetum,  sed  ab 
11  effusa  fuga  fltimen  obieetum  ab  tergo  arcebat.  Quo 
postquam  fuga  inelinavit,  alii  arm  a  foede  iactantes  in 
aquam  eaecl  ruebant,  alii,  dum  cunetantur  in  rlpis, 
inter  fugae  pugnaeque  consilium  oppressl.  Non  alia 
ante  Romana  pugna  atrocior  f  uit. 

28.  Tum  Albanus  exercitus,  spectator  certaminis, 
deductus  in  campos.  Mettius  Tullo  devictos  hostes 
gratulatur ;  contra  Tullus  Mettium  benigne  adloquitur. 
Quod  bene  vertat,  castra  Albanos  Romanls  castris 
iungere  iubet,  sacrificium  lustrale  in  diem  posterum 

2  parat.  Ubi  inluxit,  paratis  omnibus,  ut  adsolet,  vocari 
ad  contionem  ntrumque  exercitum  iubet.  Praecones, 
ab  extreme  orsi,  primos  excivere  Albanos.  Hi  novi- 
tate  etiam  rel  moti,  ut  regem  E-omanum  contionantem 

3  audlrent,  proximi  constitere.  Ex  composito  armata 
circumdatur  Komana  legio ;  centurionibus  datum  nego- 

4  tium  erat  ut  sine  mora  imperia  exsequerentur.  Tum 
ita  Tullus  Infit :  "  RomanI,  si  umquam  ante  alias  ullo 
in  bello  fuit  quod  primum  dis  immortalibus  gratias 
ageretis,  deinde  vestrae  ipsorum  virttitl,  hesternum  id 
proelium  fuit.  Dimicatum  est  enim  non  magis  cum 
bostibus  quam,  quae  dimicatio  maior  atque  perlculo- 

5  sior  est,  cum  proditione  ac  perfidia  sociorum.     Nam, 

Rome.  10.  ab  tergo:  the  Veientes  had  faced  south,  hut  as  Tullus 
turned  from  them  to  attack  the  Fidenates  they  had  faced  about  toward 
the  east,  and  were  now  driven  hack  to  the  Tiber.  11.  caeci:  blindly ; 
in  22.  6.  5.,  velut  caeci.  —  atrocior :  bloody. 

28.  Punishment  of  Mettius.  1.  spectator:  ivhich  had  watched; 
substantives  in  tor  often  describe  acts.  —  sacrificium :  the  suovetaurllia. 
2.  novitate:  the  curiosity  of  tlie  Albans,  in  their  ignorance  of  Roman 
customs,  led  them  to  seek  the  best  places.  4.  si  .  .  .  fuit:  if  there 
ever  was  a  reason.  — ipsorum:  own.  — quae :  the  relative  precedes  the 


LIBER   I  49 

ne  vos  falsa  opinio  teneat,  iniussu  meo  AlbSnl  subiere 
ad  inontaB,  nee  imperium  illud  meum,  sed  consilium 
et  imperil  simulatio  fuit,  ut  nee  vobis,  ignorantibus 
deseri  vos,  averteretur  a  certamine  animus,  et  hostibus 
eireumvenirl  se  ab  tergo  ratis  terror  ae  fuga  inieeretur. 
Nee  ea  eulpa,  quam  arguo^  omnium  Albanorum  est:  6 
ducem  seeuti  sunt,  ut  et  vos,  si  quo  ego  inde  agmen 
deellnare  voluissem,  feeissetis.  Mettius  ille  est  ductor 
itineris  huius,  Mettius  Idem  huius  macliinator  belli, 
Mettius  foederis  KomanI  Albanlque  ruptor.  Audeat 
deinde  talia  alius,  nisi  in  bune  Insigne  iam  doeumen- 
tum  mortalibus  dedero."  Centuriones  armati  Mettium  7 
cireumsistunt.  Rex  eetera  ut  orsus  erat  peragit: 
"Quod  bonum  faustum  felixque  sit  populo  Eomano 
ac  mihi  voblsque,  Albanl,  populum  omnem  Albanum 
Eomam  traducere  in  animo  est,  elvitatem  dare  plebi, 
prlmores  in  patres  legere,  tinam  urbem,  tinam  rem 
ptiblicam  faeere.  Ut  ex  uno  quondam  in  duos  populos 
divisa  Albana  res  est,  sic  nunc  in  unum  redeat."  Ad  8 
haec  Albana  ptibes  inermis  ab  armatis  saepta,  in  varils 
voluntatibus  communi  tamen  metti  cogente,  silentium 
tenet.  Tuni  Tullus  "MettI  Fufetl,"  inquit,  "si  ipse  9 
discere  posses  fidem  ae  foedera  servare,  vivo  tibi  ea 

word  to  which  it  is  an  appositive,  as  in  21.  57.4.  5.  iniussu:  it  was 
not  by  my  command.  —  consilium :  stratagem.  —  ut  nee :  instead  of  7ie 
on  account  of  the  following  et.  The  negative  belongs  to  averteretur ; 
vobis,  dat.  as  hostibus  below.  —  terror  .  .  .  fuga:  correspond  to  Pal- 
lori  and  Pavdri  of  c.  27.  6.  ductor,  machinator,  ruptor:  note  the 
order  of  these  words  in  connection  with  the  genitives,  by  which  the 
latter  are  brought  into  prominence.  —  Audeat:  almost  a  curse;  let 
another  dare  unless,  but  if  I  shall  punish  M.  then  let  him  not  dare. — 
documentum :  the  warning  and  the  punishment  are  confused.  7.  civi- 
tatem:  citizenship.— wxheva.:  local.  — rem  p. :  political.  — in  ...  co- 
gente: icith  different  feelings,  but  under  a  common  fear;  cf.  c.  17.  3. 
y.  discere:  contrasted  with  doce.  — vivo:  emphatic;  I  would  let  you 


50  TITI  LIVI 

disciplma  a  me  adhibita  esset ;  nunc,  quoniam  tuum 
msanabile  ingenium  est,  at  tti  tuo  supplicio  doce  htima- 
num  genus  ea  sancta  credere,  quae  a  te  violata  sunt.  Ut 
igitur  paulo  ante  animum  inter  Fidenatem  Eomanamque 
rem  ancipitem  gessisti,  ita  iam  corpus  passim  distra- 

10  hendum  dabis."  Exinde  duabus  admotis  quadrigis,  in 
currus  earum  distentum  inligat  Mettium,  deinde  in  dl- 
versum  iter  equi  concitati  lacerum  in  utroque  curru 
corpus,  qua  inhaeserant  vinculis  membra,  portantes. 

11  Avertere  omnes  ab  tanta  foeditate  spectacull  oculos. 
Primum  ultimumque  illud  supplicium  apud  Eomanos 
exempli  parum  memoris  legum  htimanarum  f uit.  In  aliis 
gloriari  licet  nulll  gentium  mitiores  placuisse  poenas. 

29.    Inter  haec  iam  praemissi  Albam  erant  equites, 
qui    multittidinem    traducerent    Eomam.      Legiones 

2  deinde  ductae  ad  diruendam  urbem.  Quae  ubi  in- 
travere  portas,  non  quidem  fuit  tumultus  ille  nee 
pavor,  qualis  captarum  esse  urbium  solet,  cum  effractis 
portis  stratisve  ariete  mtiris  aut  arce  vl  capta  clamor 
hostilis  et  cursus  per  urbem  armatorum  omnia  ferro 

3  flammaque  miscet ;  sed  silentium  triste  ac  tacita  mae- 
stitia  ita  defixit  omnium  animos,  ut  prae  metu  [oblitl] 
quid  relinquerent,  quid  secum  ferrent,  deficiente  consi- 

live  and  would  give  you  instruction. — nunc:  but  noiv,  as  in  21.  13.  2. 
—  at:  at  least.  — ■pa.SBim:  his  body,  like  his  mind,  should  be  drawn  in 
different  directions.  10.  quadrigis  :  abl.  abs.  instead  of  gen.  —in  .  .  . 
iter :  in  opposite  directions ;  oftener  without  iter.  11.  foeditate :  the 
horrible  sight.  —  exempli:  epexegetic  gen.,  example  of  punishment. — 
legum  h. :  humanity.    History  does  not  bear  out  L.'s  judgment. 

29.  The  destruction  of  Alba.  The  brilliant  description  of  this  chap- 
ter, which  consists  mainly  of  two  periods,  is  marked  by  the  vivid 
sequence  of  details  and  by  the  clearness  of  the  scene  as  a  whole. 
2.  non  q.  f . :  not  indeed  that  confusion.  —  clsLmor  h.  =  hostes  cld- 
mantes.  3.  silentium  .  .  .  maestitia:  gloomy  silence  and  voiceless 
«orrozo.  — defixit:  dazed. — prae : /or.  —  quid r. :  join  with  deficiente. 


LIBER   I  61 

lio  rogitantSsque  alii  alios,  nunc  in  liminibus  starent, 
nunc  errabundl  domos  suas,  ultimum  illud  visuri, 
pervagarentur.  Ut  vero  iam  equitum  clamor  exire  4 
iubentiuni  instabat,  iam  fragor  tectorum  quae  dirue- 
bantur  ultimis  urbis  partibus  audiebatur,  pulvisque 
ex  distantibus  locis  ortus  velut  nube  inducta  omnia 
impleverat,  raptim  quibus  quisque  poterat  elatis,  cum 
larem  ac  penates  tectaque,  in  quibus  natus  quisque 
educatusque  esset,  relinquentes  exirent,  iam  continens  5 
agmen  migrantium  impleverat  vias,  et  conspectus  alio- 
rum  mutua  miseratione  integrabat  lacrimas ;  vocesque 
etiam  miserabiles  exaudiebantur,  mulierum  praecipue, 
cum  obsessa  ab  armatis  templa  augusta  praeterirent 
ac  velut  captos  relinquerent  deos.  Egressis  urbe  Alba-  6 
nis  Romanus  passim  ptiblica  privataque  omnia  tecta 
adaequat  solo,  tinaque  hora  quadringentorum  annorum 
opus,  quibus  Alba  steterat,  excidio  ac  ruinis  dedit; 
templistamen  deum  —  itaenim  edictum  ab  rege  fuerat 

—  temperatum  est. 

30.   Roma  interim  crescit  Albae  ruinis ;  duplicatur 
civium  numerus ;    Caelius  additur  urbl  mons,  et,  quo 
frequentius  liabitaretur,  eam  sedem  Tullus  regiae  capit, 
ibique    deinde    habitavit.      Principes   Albanorum   in  2 
patres,  ut  ea  quoque  pars  rei  publicae  cresceret,  legit 

—  lulios,    Servllios,    Quinctios,    Geganios,    Curiatios, 
Cloelios  —  templumque  ordini  ab  se  aucto  curiam  fecit, 

They  did  not  know  what  to  do,  and  so  asked  one  another.  —  ultimum 
illud :  for  that  last  time ;  adv.  ace.  4.  iam :  now ;  notice  the  repeti- 
tion of  iam,  as  the  reader's  attention  is  called  to  successive  details.  — 
quibus:  abl.  attracted  from  tjs  gwae.  5.  exaudiebantur :  ?oere /leard 
above  (ex)  the  din  of  destruction.  G.  solo:  dat. — templis:  dat. ; 
temples  loere  spared. 

30.  War  with  the  Sabines.     1.  quo  .  .  .  habitaretur:   that  more 
might  take  up  their  residence  there.    2.  ordini:  dat.  with  templum 


52  TITI  LIVI 

quae   Hostilia  usque   ad  patrum  nostrorum  aetatem 

3  appellata  est.  Et  ut  omnium  ordinum  viribus  aliquid 
ex  novo  populo  adiceretur,  equitum  decem  turmas  ex 
Albanls  legit,  legiones  et  veteres  eodem  supplemento 
explevit  et  novas  scripsit. 

4  Hac  fiducia  virium  Tullus  Sabinis  bellum  indicit, 
genti  ea  tempestate  secundum  Etruscos  opulentissimae 

5  viris  armisque.  Utrimque  iniuriae  factae  ac  res  ne- 
quiquam  erant  repetitae  :  Tullus  ad  Feroniae  fanum 
mercatti  frequent!  negotiatores  Eomanos  compreliensos 
querebatur ;  Sabini  suos  prius  in  lucum  confugisse  ac 

6  Eomae  retentos.  Hae  causae  belli  ferebantur.  Sablnl, 
hand  parum  memores  et  suarum  virium  partem  Eomae 
ab  Tatio  locatam  et  Eomanam  rem  ntiper  etiam  adiec- 
tione   populi   Albani   auctam,   circumspicere    et    ipsi 

7  externa  auxilia.  Etrtiria  erat  vicina,  proximi  Etru- 
scorum  Yeientes.  Inde  ob  residuas  bellorum  Iras 
maxime  sollicitatis  ad  defectionem  animis  voluntaries 
traxere,  et  apud  vagos  quosdam  ex  inopi  plebe  etiam 
merces  valuit ;  publico  auxilio  nullo  adiuti  sunt,  valuit- 
que  apud  Veientes  —  nam  de  ceteris  minus  mirum  est 

8  —  pacta  cum  Eomulo  indutiarum  fides.     Cimi  bellum 


used  as  adj.;  set  apart  for.  The  curia  H.  was  burned  in  52  B.C. 
3.  ordinum:  i.e.  also  the  knights  and  plebs.  —  turmas :  of  thirty 
men  each.  —  eodem:  i.e.  from  the  Albans.  4.  Hac  .  .  .  virium:  be- 
lieving that  he  was  strong  enough  as  the  result  of  these  additions ;  the 
attraction  of  hac,  as  in  21.  5.  4.  5.  mercatu  f . :  a  crowded  fair,  held 
at  the  shrine  (probably  near  Soracte)  of  Feronia.  —  negotiatores: 
traders.— IvLcuTn:  probably  the  asylum  of  Romulus.  6.  suarum  .  .  . 
partem:  apart  of  their  own  nation.  7.  proximi:  i.e.  to  the  Sabines. 
—  residuas :  the  passions  of  the  earlier  war  lead  some  to  volunteer 
against  the  terms  of  the  truce, — vagos:  homeless  men,  who  were 
gained  by  pay. — publico:  no  state  made  an  alliance,  for  the  Vientes 
were  held  back  by  the  truce,  and  it  was  not  strange  that  those  farther 
off  did  not  take  part. 


LIBER   I  53 

utrimque  summa  ope  pararent,  vertique  in  eo  res 
videretur,  utri  prius  arma  mferrent,  occupat  Tullus  in 
agrum  Sabinum  translre.  Pugna  atrox  ad  Silvam  9 
Malitiosam  fuit,  ubi  et  peditum  quidem  robore,  cete- 
rum  equitatu  aucto  ntiper  plurimuin  Komana  acies 
valuit.  Ab  equitibus  repente  invectis  turbati  ordines  lo 
sunt  Sabinorum ;  nee  pugna  deinde  illis  constare  nee 
fuga  explicari  sine  magna  caede  jjotuit. 

31.   Devictis  Sablnis  cum  in  magna  gloria  magnis- 
que  opibus  regnum  Tnlli  ac  tota  res  Romana  esset, 
nuntiatum  regi  patribusque  est  in  monte  Albano  lapidi- 
bus  pluvisse.     Quod  cum  credi  vix  posset,  missis  ad  id    2 
visendum  prodigium  in  conspectu,  baud  aliter,  quam 
cum   grandinem   venti   glomeratam   in   terras   agunt, 
crebri  cecidere  caelo  lapides.     Visi  etiam  audire  vocem    3 
ingentem   ex   summi   cacuminis   Itico,  ut  patrio   ritu 
sacra  Albani  facerent,  quae,  velut  diis  quoque  simul 
cum  patria  relictis,  oblivion!  dederant,  et  aut  Komana 
sacra  susceperant  aut  fortunae,  ut  fit,  obirati  cultum 
rellquerant   deum.     Romanis   quoque  ab  eodem  pro-    4 
digio  novendiale  sacrum  publice  susceptum   est,  sen 


8.  verti .  .  .  inferrent :  the  important  question  was,  which  should 
be  the  first  to  hc<jin  t/ic  offensive.  9.  et  .  .  .  ceterum :  both  .  .  .  but 
also.  —  axicid  =  qui  auctus  erat.  10.  repente  i. :  sudden  charge. — 
fuga  e. :  the  formation  of  the  troops  did  not  .admit  a  sudden  breaking 
up  without  great  loss.     A  surrender  is  imi)lied. 

31.  Prodigies.  Death  of  Tullus.  1.  lapidibus:  inst.  abl. ;  a  vol- 
canic phenomenon.  2.  missis:  dat.  with  cec7(/ere.  The  report  was  so 
incredible  tliat  special  messengers  were  sent  to  observe  the  prodigy. — 
in  conspectu:  to  their  eyes  the  falling  stones  looked  like  masses  of 
hail  driven  by  the  wind.  3.  luco :  the  grove  of  Juppiter  Latiaris  on  the 
top  of  the  Alban  mount.  —  et  aut:  the  relative  clause  passes  into  what 
is  practically  an  independent  sentence.  —  obirati:  the  gods,  when 
angry,  punished  their  worshippers,  and  men,  when  angry  at  the  gods, 
neglected  their  worship.    4.  quoque:  i.e.  the  original  Romans  as  well 


54  TITI  LIVI 

voce  caelesti  ex  Albano  monte  missa  —  nam  id  quoque 
traditur  —  seu  liaruspicum  monitu;  mansit  certe  sol- 
lemne,  ut,  quandoque  idem  prodigium  ntintiaretur, 
feriae  per  novem  dies  agerentur. 

Hand   ita  multo    post    pestilentia    laboratum    est. 

5  Unde  cum  pigritia  mllitandi  oreretur,  nulla  tamen  ab 
armis  quies  dabatur  a  bellicoso  rege,  salubriora  etiam 
credente  militiae  quam  domi  iuvenum  corpora  esse, 
donee  ipse  quoque  longlnquo   morbo   est   implicitus. 

6  Tunc  adeo  fracti  simul  cum  corpore  sunt  splritus  illi 
feroces,  ut,  qui  nihil  ante  ratus  esset  minus  regium 
quam  sacris  dedere  animum,  repente  omnibus  magnis 
parvisque  superstitionibus  obnoxius  degeret,  religioni- 

7  busque  etiam  populum  impleret.  Vulgo  iam  homines, 
eum  statum  rerum  qui  sub  Numa  rege  fuerat  requiren- 
tes,  unam  opem  aegris  corporibus  relictam,  si  pax  venia- 

8  que  ab  diis  impetrata  esset,  credebant.  Ipsum  regem  tra- 
dunt  volventem  commentarios  Numae,  cum  ibi  quaedam 
occulta  sollemnia  sacrificia  lovl  Elicio  facta  invenisset, 
operatum  iis  sacris  se  abdidisse ;  sed  non  rite  initum 
aut  curatum  id  sacrum  esse,  nee  solum  ntillam  ei  obla- 
tam  caelestium  speciem,  sed  Ira  lovis  sollicitati  prava 


as  the  Albans.  For  the  festival,  see  on  21.  62. 6.  —  certe :  however  that 
may  he,  whether  it  was  a  divine  voice  or  the  direction  of  a  soothsayer.  — 
quandoque  =  quandocumque.  6.  laboratum  e. :  suffered.  —  pigritia : 
indisposition  resulting  from  sickness.  —  iuvenum:  soldiei^s.  6.  qui... 
degeret :  from  thinking  that  nothing  loas  less  royal  than  attention  to 
saerijices,  he  suddenly  became  (lit.  passed  his  time  ;  sc.  aetdtem  with  de- 
geret) a  prey  to  every  kind  of  superstitious  fear,  great  and  small.  — re- 
ligionibus :  all  kinds  of  religious  thoughts  and  ceremonies.  7.  si  .  .  . 
esset :  explains  opem,  the  obtaining  of  the  divine  favor.  8.  volventem : 
rolling ;  as  we  say,  turning  the  leaves ;  hence,  reading. —  commentarios  : 
those  implied  in  c.  20.  5.  —  occulta :  join  with  sol.  sac. ;  secret  forms  of 
invocation  or  incantation.  —  operatum  .  .  .  ab. :  while  engaged  in  these 
sacred  rites  (sacris  is  dat.)  he  shut  himself  in  his  house.  —  ira :  casual  abl. 


LIBER  I  66 

religione  fulmine  ictuiii  cum  domo  conflagrasse.  Tul- 
lus  magna  gloria  belli  regnavit  annos  duos  et  triginta. 
32.  Mortuo  Tullo  res,  ut  Institutum  iam  inde  ab 
initio  erat,  ad  patres  redierat,  hlque  interregem  nomina- 
verant.  Quo  comitia  habente  Ancum  Marcium  regem 
populus  creavit ;  patres  fuere  auctores.  Numae  Pom- 
pill  regis  nepos  filia  ortus  Ancus  Marcius  erat.  Qui  2 
ut  regnare  coepit,  et  avitae  gloriae  memor,  et  quia 
proximum  regnum,  cetera  egregium,  ab  una  parte 
baud  satis  prosperum  fuerat  aut  neglectis  religionibus 
aut  prave  cultis,  longe  antiquissimum  ratus  sacra 
publica  ut  a  Numa  mstituta  erant  facere,  omnia  ea  ex 
commentarils  regis  pontificem  in  album  relata  pro- 
ponere  in  publico  iubet.  Inde  et  civibus  otii  cupidis 
et  finitimis  civitatibus  facta  spes  in  avi  mores  atque 
institiita  regem  abittirum.  Igitur  Latlni,  cum  quibus  3 
Tullo  regnante  ictum  foedus  erat,  sustulerant  animos, 
et,  cum  incursionem  in  agrum  Romanum  fecissent, 
repetentibus  res  E-omanis  superbe  responsum  reddunt, 
desidem  liomanum  regem  inter  sacella  et  aras  acturum 
esse  regnum  rati.  Medium  erat  in  Anco  ingenium,  et  4 
Numae  et  Romuli  memor;  et  praeterquam  quod  avi 
regno  magis  necessarian!  fuisse  pacem  credebat  cum 
in  novo  tum  feroci  populo,  etiam  quod  ill!  contigisset 
otium,   sine   iniuria   id    se    baud    facile    habiturum ; 

32.  Choice  of  Ancus  Marcius.  The  Fetials.  2.  memor,  quia: 
union  of  different  constructions  common  in  L.  —cetera:  adv.  ace. — 
antiquissimum:  most  important.  — alhvim:  a  whitened  tablet.  The 
pul)licati()n  of  the  methods  of  sacrifice  was  to  prevent  errors  and  fail- 
ure in  their  performance.  —  abiturum:  we  should  rather  say,  toowW 
proceed  according  to,  i.e.  from  such  a  beginning.  .'?.  superbe :  modi- 
fies r.  r.,  answered.  — desidem :  predicative.  4.  Medium:  interme- 
diate, avoiding  the  extremes  of  both.  — memor:  i-ecalling.  —  quod: 
relative;  the  antecedent  attracted,  as  often.  — iniiiriS:  molestation  on 


56  TITI  LIVI 

temptari  patientiam  et  temptatam  contemnT,  tempo- 

5  raque  esse  Tullo  regl  aptiora  quam  Numae.  Ut 
tamen,  quoniam  Niima  in  pace  religiones  mstituisset, 
a  se  bellicae  caerimoniae  proderentur,  nee  gererentur 
solum  sed  etiam  indlcerentur  bella  aliquo  rltti,  itis  ab 
antiqua  gente  Aequlculis,  quod  nunc  fetiales  habent, 
descripsit,  quo  res  repetuntur. 

6  Legatus  ubi  ad  fines  eorum  venit,  unde  res  repetun- 
tur, capite  velato  filo  —  lanae  velamen  est  —  "Audi, 
luppiter,"  inquit,  "audite,  fines"  —  cuiuscumque  gen- 
tis  sunt,  nominat  —  "audiat  fas!  Ego  sum  publicus 
ntintius  populi  Komani;  itiste  pieque  legatus  venio, 
verblsque   meis   fides   sit."      Peragit   inde   postulata. 

7  Inde  lovem  testem  facit:  "Si  ego  initiste  impieque 
illos  homines  illasque  res  dedier  mihi  exposco,  turn 

8  patriae  compotem  me  numquam  siris  esse."  Haec 
cum  finis  suprascandit,  haec  quicumque  ei  primus  vir 
obvius  fuerit,  haec  portam  ingrediens,  haec  forum 
ingressus  panels  verbis  carminis  concipiendique  itiris 

9  iurandl  mutatis  peragit.  Si  non  deduntur  quos  ex- 
poscit,  diebus  tribus  et  triginta  —  tot  enim  sollenmes 

10  sunt  —  peractis,  bellum  ita  indicit :  "'  Audi,  luppiter, 
et  tti,  lane  Quirine,  diique  omnes  caelestes,  vosque  ter- 
restres,  vosque  infernl,  audite.  Ego  vos  testor,  popu- 
lum  ilium  "  —  quicumque  est,  nominat  —  "  iniustum 
esse,  neque  itis  persolvere.  Sed  de  istis  rebus  in  pa- 
tria  maiores  natti  consulemus,  quo  pacto  ius  nostrum 

the  part  of  his  neighbors.  5.  tamen:  though  he  could  not  follow  N.'s 
example  entirely,  yet  he  would  do  so  in  the  formalities  connected  with 
war.  6.  filo:  the  thread  was  wound  around  the  cap. —legatus*: 
partic. ;  lit.  one  commissioned;  the  pater  patrdtus  of  §  11.  7.  dedier: 
old  form  of  dedi,  as  siris  for  .9wer is.  — patriae  c. :  part  or  lot  in  my 
country.  8.  concipiendi:  i^Afi  ex/>?'es.szon,  of  the  oath,  as  if  it  had  been 
conceptls  verbis.     9.  soUemnes :  usual.     10.  maiores  n. :  our  elders. 


LIBER   I  57 

adipiscamur."  Cum  his  nimtiiis  Romam  ad  consul en- 
dum  redit.  Confestim  rex  his  ferine  verbis  patres  consu-  ii 
lebat :  "  Quarum  rerum  lltium  causarum  condixit  pater 
patratus  populi  Eomani  Quirltium  patri  patrato  Prl- 
scorum  Latinorum  hominibusque  Priscis  Latinis,  quas 
r6s  nee  dederunt  nee  solverunt  nee  feeerunt,  quas 
res  dari  solvi  fieri  oportuit,  die,"  inquit  ei  quern  prl- 
mum  sententiam  rogabat,  "  quid  censes  ?  ^'  Turn  ille  :  12 
"Puro  pioque  duello  quaerendas  eenseo,  itaque  con- 
sentio  eonsciscoque."  Inde  ordine  alii  rogabantur, 
quandoque  pars  maior  eorum  qui  aderant  in  eandem 
sententiam  Ibat,  bellum  erat  consensum.  Fieri  soli- 
tum,  ut  fetialis  hastam  ferratam  aut  sanguineam  prae- 
tistam  ad  finis  eorum  ferret,  et  non  minus  tribus 
puberibus  praesentibus,  diceret:  ^'Quod  populi  PrI-  13 
scorum  Latinorum  hominesque  PrIscI  Latlnl  adversus 
populum  E/omanum  Quirltium  feeerunt  dellquerunt, 
quod  populus  Romanus  Quirltium  bellum  cum  PrIscIs 
Latlnis  iussit  esse,  senatusque  populi  RomanI  Quirl- 
tium censuit  consensit  eonselvit  ut  bellum  cum  PrIscIs 
Latlnis  fieret,  ob  eam  rem  ego  populusque  Rom  anus 
populls  Priscorum  Latinorum  hominibusque  Prisels 
Latlnis  bellum  indleo  faeioque."    Id  ubi  dixisset,  ha- 

i.e.  the  senate.  11.  his :  sc.  verbis.  —  QuJUrim :  its  antecedent  is  (de)  eis, 
to  be  supplied  with  quid  censes.  The  gen.  is  an  old  use  of  the  gen.  of 
respect  with  condixit.  The  sentence  presents  the  usual  repetition  of 
legal  formulas,  e.g.  rerum,  the  things  stolen ;  litium,  the  legal  ques- 
tions connected  with  them ;  causae,  apparently  a  general  term  cover- 
ing the  other  two;  the  following  verbs  correspond.  —  quern  .  .  . 
rogabat:  the  practice  of  the  senate,  by  which  the  presiding  officer 
called  for  opinions,  is  here  referred  to  the  king.  12.  Puro  p.  d. :  a  war 
begun  without  trickery  and  with  the  sanctions  of  religions  observances ; 
duello  for  belld.  —  in  .  .  .  ibat :  as  in  22. 5G.  1.  —  sanguineam  p. :  a  spear 
hardened  in  the  fire  and  smeared  with  blood,  symbolic  of  war.  13.  Quod 
.  .  .  quod:  conjunctions,  but  the  antecedent  idea  is  in  ob  eam  rem.  —Id 


58  TITI   LIVI 

14  stam  in  finis  eorum  emittebat.  Hoc  turn  modo  ab 
Latlnis  repetitae  res  ac  bellum  indictum,  moremque 
eum  poster!  acceperunt. 

33.  AncuSj  demandata  ctira  sacrorum  flaminibus 
sacerdotibusque  aliis,  exercitti  novo  conscrlpto,  pro- 
fectus  Politorium,  urbem  Latinorum,  vi  cepit,  secti- 
tusque  morem  regum  priorum,  qui  rem  Eomanam 
auxerant  hostibus  in  civitatem  accipiendis,  multitti- 

2  dinem  omnem  Eomain  traduxit.  Et  cum  circa  Pala- 
tium,  sedem  veterum  Eomanorum,  Sablni  Capitolium 
atque  arcem,  Caelium  montem  Albani  implessent, 
Aventlnum  novae  multittidini  datum.  Additi  eodem 
baud  ita  multo  post,  Tellenis  Picanaque  captis,  novi 

3  elves.  Politorium  inde  rursus  bello  repetitum,  quod 
vacuum  occupaverant  Prlsci  Latini;  eaque  causa  di- 
ruendae  urbis  eius  fuit  Eomanis,  ne  hostium  semper 

4  receptaculum  esset.  Postremo  omni  bello  Latino  Me- 
dulliam  compulse,  aliquamdiu  ibi  Marte  incerto  varia 
victoria  pugnatum  est ;  nam  et  urbs  tuta  mtinitionibus 
praesidioque  firmata  valido  erat,  et  castrls  in  aperto 
positis  aliquotiens  exercitus  Latinus  comminus  cum 

5  Eomanis  signa  contulerat.  Ad  ultimum  omnibus 
copiis  conisus  Ancus  acie  primum  vincit,  inde  ingenti 
praeda  potens  Eomam  redit,  tum  quoque  multis  mili- 

.  .  .  dixisset:  as  often  as  he  said  this;  the  subj.  is  iterative;  cf.  21. 
28.  10. 

33.  Wars  of  Ancus.  1.  demandata :  delegated  in  his  absence. — 
Politorium :  this  town  and  those  mentioned  below  are  mere  names  of 
history.  Ficana  was  on  the  via  Ostiensis,  and  Medullia  lay  to  the 
northeast,  beyond  the  Anio.  2.  circa:  about,  on  two  sides  ot.  4.  Po- 
stremo: adv.  — omni.  ,  .  compulso :  the  Latin  loar  centnng  about 
i¥.  —  Marte  ...  victoria :  poetical  fulness  of  expression;  uncertain 
struggle,  varying  success.  —  comminus  .  .  .  contulerat:  fought  in 
hand-to-hand  engagements.  5.  praeda:  inst.  abl.  with  potens,  en- 
riched.   The  capture  of  the  city  is  only  implied,  as  it  is  to  be  men- 


LIBER   I  59 

bus  Latinorum  in  civitatem  acceptis,  quibus,  ut  iunge- 
retur   Palatio   Aventmum,   ad   Murciae   datae   sedes. 
laniculum  quoqiie  adiectum,  non  inoj)ia  loci,  sed  ne  6 
quando  ea  arx  hostium  esset.     Id  non  muro  solum, 
sed   etiam  ob  commoditatem  itineris   ponte   sublicio, 
turn  prlnium   in  Tiberi  facto,  coniungi   uibi  placuit. 
Quiritium  quoque  fossa,  baud  parvum  munimentum  a  7 
planioribus  aditu  locis,  Anci  regis  opus  est.     Ingenti  8 
incremento   rebus   auctis,   cum  in  tanta   multitudine 
hominum,  discrimine  recte  an  perperam  facti  confuso, 
facinora  clandestina  fierent,  career  ad  terrorem  incre- 
scentis  audaciae  media  urbe  imminens  foro  aedificatur. 
Nee  urbs  tantum  hoc  rege  crevit,  sed  etiam  ager  fines-  9 
que :  silva  Mesia  Veientibus  adempta  usque  ad  mare 
imperium  prolatum,  et  in  ore  Tiberis  Ostia  urbs  con- 
dita,  sallnae  circa  factae;  egregieque  rebus  bello  ge- 
stls  aedis  lovis  Feretrii  amplificata. 

34.  Anco  regnante  Lucumo,  vir  impiger  ac  divitiis 
potens,  Romam  commigravit  cupidine  inaxiine  ac  spe 
magni  honoris,  cuius  adiplscendi  Tarquiniis  —  nam  ibi 
quoque  peregrlna  stirpe  oriundus  erat  —  facultas  non 

tinned  again  in  c.  38.  4.  —  iungeretur :  i.e.  by  continuous  dwellings.— 
Murciae:  sc.  dram,  in  the  valley  where  later  was  the  Circus  Maximus. 
G.  arx:  s(ron(/hold  for  offence.  — ponte  s. :  so  called  from  the  wooden 
piles  (or  beams),  sublicae,  of  which  it  was  built.  Its  exact  position  is 
unknown.  The  summit  of  the  Janiculan  was  connected  with  the  river 
by  two  walls,  and  the  passage  of  the  river  secured  by  this  bridge. 
7.  Quiritium  fossa  :  on  the  low  ground  between  the  Aventine  and  the 
Coelian,  where  the  city  was  ea.fij  of  access  {phni.  aditu  locls).  —  Si:  on 
Av.  side  of.  8.  discrimine  .  .  .  confuso :  distinctions  of  right  and 
v)ronf/  being  confused  by  the  coming  of  so  many  strangers ;  for  facti 
as  noun  and  partic.  cf.  21.  45.  9.  —  career:  the  Tidlidmim  at  the  foot  of 
the  Capitoline,  next  to  the  Forum.  The  rocky  chamber  still  remains. 
0.  silva  Mesia:  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Tiber  toward  Ostia.— 
salinae :  salt-pits,  where  sea  water  was  evaporated. 

34.  Coming  of  Tarquinius  Priscus  to  Rome.    1.  Lucumo :  properly 


60  TITI  LIVI 

2  fuerat.  Demarati  Corinthil  fllius  erat,  qui  ob  sedi- 
tiones  domo  profugus  cum  Tarquiniis  forte  consedis- 
set,  uxore  ibi  ducta  duos  filios  genuit.  Nomina  his 
Lucumo  atque  Arruns  fuerunt.  Lucumo  superfuit 
patrl   bonorum   omnium   heres;    Arruns   prior   quam 

3  pater  moritur  uxore  gravida  relicta.  Nee  diu  manet 
superstes  filio  pater;  qui  cum,  ignorans  nurum  ven- 
trem  ferre,  immemor  in  testando  nepotis  decessisset, 
puero  post  avi  mortem  in  nullam  sortem  bonorum  nato 

4  ab  inopia  Egerio  inditum  nomen.  Lucumoni  contra 
omnium  heredi  bonorum  cum  divitiae  iam  animos 
facerent,  auxit  ducta  in  matrimonium  Tanaquil,  summo 
loco  nata,  et  quae  baud  facile  iis  in  quibus  nata  erat, 

5  humiliora  sineret  ea  quo  innupsisset.  Spernentibus 
Etruscis  Lucumonem,  exsule  advena  ortum,  ferre  in- 
dignitatem  non  potuit,  oblitaque  ingenitae  erga  pa- 
triam  caritatis,  dummodo  virum  honoratum  videret, 

6  consilium  migrandi  ab  Tarquiniis  cepit.  Roma  est  ad 
id  potissimum  visa :  in  novo  populo,  ubi  omnis  repen- 
tina  atque  ex  virtute  nobilitas  sit,  futurum  locum  forti 
ac  strenuo  viro ;  regnasse  Tatium  Sabinum,  arcessitum 
in  regnum  Numam  a  Curibus,  et  Ancum  Sabina  matre 

7  ortum  nobilemque  una  imagine  Numae  esse.  Facile 
persuadet  ut  cupido  bonorum,  et  cui  Tarquinil  materna 


a  title  which  L.  takes  as  a  name.  3.  in  .  .  .  nato:  with  no  share  in 
the  property.  — 'Egerio:  as  if  from  egere.  4.  animos:  p^-icZe.— ducta 
.  .  .T. :  his  marriage  with  T.  — quo:  into  lohich.  5.  advena:  adj.; 
from  another  country  ;  cf.  21.  30.  8.  — indignitatem  :  the  lack  of  social 
and  political  recognition.  —  ingenitae  .  .  .  caritatis:  "the  Romans 
have  no  single  word  for  patriotism."  S.  (5.  Boma  .  .  .  visa:  Rome 
seemed  the  place  above  all  others  for  {gaining)  this.  — oxanis  .  .  .  nobi- 
litas: all  (the)  nobility  was  of  ra}nd  growth  and  rested  on  merit. — 
forti  a.  s. :  active  and  energetic,  as  in  21.4.4.  —  nobilem:  ennobled. 
L.  has  in  mind  the  later  ius  imdginum.    7.  ut:  as  being.  —  materna: 


LIBER   I  61 

tantum  patria  esset.     Siiblatis  itaque  rebus  amigrant    8 
llomam.     Ad  laniciilum   forte  ventura  erat.     Ibi   ei 
carpento    sedenti   cum    uxore    aquila    suspensis    de- 
luissa  leniter  alls  pilleum  aufert,  superque  carpentum 
cum  magno  clangore  volitans  rtirsus,  velut  ministerio 
dlvlnitus  missa,   capiti   apte   reponit;    inde   sublimis 
abit.     Accepisse  id  augurium  laeta  dicitur  Tanaquil,    9 
perlta,  ut  vulgo  Etrusci,  caelestium  prodigioruiu  mu- 
lier.     Excelsa  et  alta  sperare  complexa  virum  iubet : 
earn   alitem,   ea   regione   caeli   et   eius    del   nuntiam 
venisse,   circa   summum   culmen    hominis   auspicium 
fecisse,  levasse  humauo  superpositum  capiti  decus,  ut 
dlvlnitus  eldem  redderet.     Has  spes   cogitationesque  lo 
secum  portantes  urbem  ingress!  sunt,  domicilioque  ibi 
comparato   L.  Tarquinium   Priscum   edidere   nomen. 
Romanis  conspicuum  eum  novitas   divitiaeque  facie-  ii 
bant,  et  ipse  fortimam  benigno  adloquio,  comitate  in- 
vitandi,  beneficiisque  quos  poterat  sibi  conciliando  ad- 
iuvabat,  donee  in  regiam  quoque  de  eo  fama  perlata  est. 
Notitiamque  earn  brevi  apud  regem  llberaliter  dextre-  12 
que  obeundo  officia  in  familiaris  amicitiae  adduxerat 
iura,  ut  publicis   pariter   ac   privatis   consilils   bello 
domlque  interesset,  et  per  omnia  expertus  postr6mo 
tutor  etiam  liberis  regis  testamento  mstitueretur. 


on  his  mother's  side.  8.  suspensis  .  .  .  alls :  gently  descending  loith 
outftpread  wingn,  not  swooping  down  as  if  for  prey. — clangore: 
'•rm/H.— ministerio:  dat.  9.  Accepisse:  it  was  necessary  that  an 
omen  should  be  understood  and  accepted  to  be  effective.  Recall  Her- 
cules in  c.  7.  11,  and  Anchises  in  Verg.  Aen.  2.  700  f.  — earn  .  .  .  eft  .  .  . 
eius:  such  a  bird  {the  eagle),  such  a  quarter  (favorable),  such  a  god 
{Juppiter).  —  Bummumc.:  emblematic  of  a  crown.  11.  adloquio:  this 
and  the  following  are  abl.  of  moans  with  conciliando,  which  modifies  ad- 
iuvabat  in  the  same  way.  12.  Notitiam :  this  acquaintance  he  developed 
into  close  friendship,  so  that  he  was  admitted  to  a  part  in  all  affairs. 


62  TITI  LIVI 

35.  Eegnavit  Ancus  annos  quattuor  et  vlginti,  cuTli- 
bet  superiorum  regum  belli  pacisque  et  artibus  et  gloria 
par.  lam  f  ilii  prope  puberem  aetateiii  erant.  Eo  magis 
Tarquinius  instare,  ut  quam  primum  comitia  regi  cre- 

2  ando  fierent ;  quibus  indictis  sub  tempus  pueros  venatum 
ablegavit.  Isque  primus  et  petisse  ambitiose  regnum 
et  orationem  dicitur  habuisse  ad  conciliandos  plebis 

3  animos  compositam :  [cum]  se  non  rem  novam  petere, 
quippe  qui  non  primus,  quod  quisquam  indlgnari  ml- 
rarlve  posset,  sed  tertius  Eomae  peregrinus  regnum 
adf ectet ;  et  Tatium  non  ex  peregrino  solum  sed  etiam 
ex  hoste  regem  factum,  et  Numam  ignarum  urbis  non 

4  petentem  in  regnum  ultro  accltum;  se,  ex  quo  sui 
potens  fuerit,  Eomam  cum  coniuge  ac  fortunis  omni- 
bus commigrasse ;  maiorem  partem  aetatis  eius  qua 
civllibus  officils  fungantur  homines  Eomae  se  quam 

5  in  vetere  patria  vixisse ;  domi  mllitiaeque  sub  baud 
paenitendo  magistro,  ipso  Anco  rege,  Eomana  se 
iura,  Eomanos  ritus  didicisse ;  obsequio  et  observantia 
in  regem  cum   omnibus,  benlgnitate   erga   alios  cum 

6  rege  ipso  certasse.  Haec  eum  baud  falsa  memorantem 
ingenti  consensu  populus  Eomanus  regnare  iussit. 
Ergo  virum  cetera  egregium  secuta,  quam  in  petendo 

35.  Choice  of  Tarquinius.  His  political  measures.  1.  regi:  dat. 
of  purpose.  L.  has  in  mind  the  elective  machinery  of  republican  times, 
when  men  announced  themselves  as  candidates  (petere)  with  speeches 
designed  to  commend  themselves  {ambitiose)  to  the  people.  3,  [cum] : 
bracketed  as  unnecessary ;  if  retained,  it  joins  with  memordret  to  be 
supplied  from  memorantem  in  §  G.  —  quisquam :  instead  of  quispiam, 
on  account  of  the  preceding  non ;  as  he  was  not  the  first,  so  no  one 
could  complain  that  he  aspired  to  the  throne.  4.  ex  quo:  since. — 
sui  potens:  his  own  inaster,  i.e.  after  the  death  of  his  father.  5.  pae- 
nitendo: mean,  a  rare  personal  use  of  paenifere. — iiira,  ritus:  cover- 
ing the  two  functions  of  a  king.  —  obsequio  e.  o. :  dutiful  regard. 
ti.  regnare  i. :  elected  as  A:in^.  — secuta  .  .  .  est:   we  should  rather 


LIBER   I  63 

habuerat,  etiam  r^gnantem  ambitio  est;  nee  minus 
regni  sui  firmandi  qiiam  augendae  rel  ptiblicae  memor 
centum  in  patres  legit,  qui  deinde  minorum  gentium 
sunt  appellati,  factio  baud  dubia  regis,  cuius  beneficio 
in  curiam  venerant. 

Bellum  primum  cum  Latinis  gessit,  et  oppidum  ibi    7 
Apiolas  VI  cepit,  praedaque  inde  maiore  quam  quanta 
belli  fama  fuerat  revecta,  ludos  opulentius  instructi- 
usque  quam  priores  reges  fecit.     Tunc  primum  circo,    8 
qui  nunc  Maximus  dicitur,  deslgnatus  locus  est.    Loca 
divisa  patribus  equitibusque,  ubi  spectacula  sibi  quis- 
que  facerent,  fori  appellati.     Spectavere   furcis   duo-    9 
denos  ab  terra   spectacula  alta   sustinentibus   pedis. 
Liidicrum   fuit   equi  pugilesque,  ex  Etruria  maxime 
accltl.    Sollemnes  deinde  annul  mansere  ludi,  RomanI 
magnique  varie  appellati.     Ab   eodem  rege  et  circa  10 
forum  privatis  aediticanda  divisa  sunt  loca,  porticus 
tabernaeque  factae 

36.  Muro  quoque  lapideo  circumdare  urbem  para- 
bat,  cum  Sablnum  bellum  coeptis  intervenit.  Adeo- 
que  ea  subita  res  fuit,  ut  prius  Anienem  translrent 
hostes  quam  obviam  Ire  ac  prohibere  exercitus  Ro- 
manus   posset.       Itaque   trepidatum   Roniae   est;    et    2 

say  that  the  man  followed  his  ambitious  course.  —  nee  m. :  his  plan 
was  to  form  a  royalist  party  {/actio)  that  would  owe  its  rise  to  him 
and  hence  uphold  his  power,  as  well  as  strengthen  the  state. — mino- 
rum: the  names  mindres  and  mdiores  (jeiites  continued  till  later  times, 
but  their  functions  are  indistinguishable.  7.  mSiore  quam:  greater 
than  the  importance  of  the  war  led  them  to  expect.  8.  spect&cula: 
stands,  whicli  tlie  orders  or  families  made  for  themselves.  9.  SpectS- 
vere  .  .  .  pedis :  they  watched  the  games  from  stands,  supported  by 
Y-shaped  posts  (furcis),  twelve  feet  above  the  ground. — equi:  horse 
races. — Sollemnes:  regular.  10.  porticus:  arcades  for  public  busi- 
ness and  lounging  places  for  the  citizens.  —  tabernae :  shops  for  retail 
trade. 


64  TITI  LIVI 

primo  dubia  victoria  magna  utrimque  caede  pugnatum 
est.  Reductis  deinde  in  castra  hostium  copiis  datoque 
spatio  Eomanis  ad  comparandum  de  integro  bellum, 
Tarqninius,  equitem  maxime  suls  deesse  viribus  ratus, 
ad  Eamnes  Titienses  Luceres,  quas  ceiiturias  Komulus 
scripserat,    addere    alias    constituit    suoque    insignes 

3  relinquere  nomine.  Id  quia  inaugurato  Romulus 
fecerat,  negare  Attus  Navius,  inclitus  ea  tempestate 
augur,   neque    mutarl    neque    novum    constitui,   nisi 

4  aves  addixissent,  posse.  Ex  eo  Ira  regi  mota, 
eludensque  artem,  ut  ferunt,  "Agedum/'  inquit, 
"divine  tu,  inaugura  fierlne  possit  quod  nunc  ego 
mente  concipio.'^  Cum  ille  augurio  rem  expertus 
prof ecto  f uturam  dixisset,  "  Atqui  hoc  animo  agitavi/' 
inquit,  "  te  novacula  cotem  discissurum ;  cape  haec  et 
perage  quod  aves  tuae  fieri  posse  portendunt."     Tum 

5  ilium  baud  cunctanter  discidisse  cotem  ferunt.  Statua 
Atti  capite  velato,  quo  in  loco  res  acta  est,  in  comitio, 
in  gradibus  ipsis  ad  laevam  curiae  fuit ;  cotem  quoque 
eodem  loco  sitam  f  iiisse  memorant,  ut  esset  ad  posteros 

6  miraculi  eius  monumentum.  Auguriis  certe  sacerdo- 
tioque  augurum  tantus  honos  accessit,  ut  nihil  belli  do- 
mique  postea  nisi  auspicato  gereretur,  concilia  populi, 
exercittis  vocati,  summa  rerum,  ubi  aves  non  admi- 

36.  Attus  Navius  and  the  enlargement  of  the  centuries.  3.  inaugu- 
rato: impers.  abl.  abs.  used  adverbially.  —  neque  .  .  .  neque:  the 
negative  distribution  of  the  negative.  —  addixissent:  like  admltte7'e 
(§  6),  a  technical  term  for  a  favorable  omen.  4.  divine:  ironical, 
prophet  you.  —  futuram :  sc.  esse  rem,  used  in  the  place  of  a  partic.  of 
fio.  — haec :  the  razor  and  the  whetstone  which  he  handed  out  to  him. 
5.  gradibus  ip. :  close  bij  the  steps  leading  up  from  the  comitium  to 
the  curia.  G.  certe:  whether  the  story  has  any  truth  or  not,  certainly 
augury  gained  a  strong  impulse.  —  concilia  p. :  later  used  of  the  comi- 
tia  trihuta,  here  probably  of  the  c.  curidta.  —  exercitus  v.:  the  assem- 
bling of  the  com.  centuridtd.  —  summa  r. :  matters  of  the 


LIBER  I  65 

sissent,  dirimerentur.  Neque  turn  Tarquinius  de  7 
equitum  centiiriis  quicquam  miitavit;  numero  alte- 
rum  tantum  adiecit,  ut  mille  et  octingenti  equites 
in  tribiis  centuriis  essent.  Posteriores  modo  sub 
iisdem  nominibus  qui  additi  erant  appellati  sunt, 
quas  nunc,  quia  geminatae  sunt,  sex  vocant  centu- 
rias. 

37.  Hac  parte  copiarum  aucta  iterum  cum  Sabinis 
confligitur.  Sed  praeterquam  quod  viribus  creverat 
Romanus  exercitus,  ex  occulto  etiam  additur  dolus, 
missis  qui  magnam  vim  llgnorum,  in  Anienis  rlpa 
iacentem,  ardentem  in  flumen  conicerent;  ventoque 
iuvante  accensa  ligna,  et  pleraque  in  ratibus  impacta 
sublicis  cum  haererent,  pontem  incendunt.  Ea  quoque  2 
r6s  in  piigna  terrorem  attulit  Sablnis,  et  fusis  eadem 
fugam  impediit,  multlque  mortales,  cum  hostem  effu- 
gissent,  in  flumine  ipso  periere;  quorum  fluitantia 
arma  ad  urbem  cognita  in  Tiberl  prius  paene  quam 
ntintiarl  posset,  Inslgnem  victoriam  fecere.  Eo  proe-  3 
lio  praecipua  equitum  gloria  fuit ;  utrimque  ab  corni- 
bus  positos,  cum  iam  pelleretur  media  peditum  suorum 
acies,  ita  incurrisse  ab  lateribus  ferunt,  ut  non  siste- 
rent  modo  Sablnas  legiones  ferociter  Instantes  cedenti- 
bus,  sed  subito  in  fugam  averterent.  Montes  effuso  4 
cursti  Sablnl  petebant,  et  pauci  tenuere ;  maxima  pars, 
ut  ante  dictum  est,  ab  equitibus  in  flumen  acti  sunt. 

importance.  7.  mUle  e.  0. :  Tullus's  addition  (c.  30.  3.)  had  raised 
the  centuries  to  G()U,  with  which  L.'s  number  here  does  not  agree. 
The  wliole  subject  is  very  obscure. 

37.  War  with  the  Sabines.  1.  firdentem:  to  set  on  fire  and.— 
accensa:  sc.  sm«^— pleraque  .  .  .  incendunt:  the  most  of  them 
striking  in  masses  against  the  piles  and  lodging  there  set  fire  to  the 
bridge.  The  bridge  was  over  the  Anio,  by  which  the  Sabines  could 
retreat.    3.  cedentibus :  dat. ;  the  wavering  Romans.    4.  et  .  .  .  tenu- 

F 


66  TITI  LIVI 

5  Tarquinius  mstandum  perterritis  ratus,  praeda  capti- 
visque  Romam  missis,  spolils  hostium  —  id  votum 
Vulcano  erat  —  ingenti  cumulo  accensis,  pergit  porro 
in  agriim  Sablnum  exercitum  inducere ;  et  quamquam 
male  gestae  res  erant,  nee  gestures  melius  sperare 
poterant,  tamen,  quia  consulendl  res  non  dabat  spa- 
tium,  iere  obviam  Sabini  tumultuario  milite,  ite- 
rumque  ibi  fusi,  perditis  iam  prope  rebus,  pacem 
petiere. 

38.   Conlatia  et  quidquid  citra  Conlatiam  agri  erat 
Sabinis  ademptum;  Egerius  —  fratris  hic  filius  erat 

2  regis  —  Conlatiae  in  praesidio  relictus.  Deditosque 
Conlatmos  ita  accipio  eamque  deditionis  formulam 
esse  :  rex  interrogavit ;  "  Estisne  vos  legati  oratoresque 
missi  a  populo  Conlatino,  ut  vos  populumque  Conlati- 
num  dederetis  ? ''  "  Sumus.''  "  Estne  populus  Conla- 
tinus  in  sua  potestate  ?  "  "  Est."  "  Deditisne  vos 
populumque  Conlatinum,  urbem,  agros,  aquam,  termi- 
nos,  delubra,  titensilia,  divina  bumanaque  omnia  in 
meam   populique   RomanI   dicionem  ? "     "  Dedimus." 

3  "  At  ego  recipio."     Bello  Sabino  perfecto  Tarquinius 

4  triumphans  Romam  redit.  Inde  Prlscis  Latlnis  bellum 
fecit,  ubi  nusquam  ad  tiniversae  rei  dimicationem 
ventum  est;    ad  singula  oppida  circumferendo  arma 

ere :  hut  few  reached  them.  5.  spoliis :  arms  and  the  less  valuable 
articles.  —  quamquam  .  .  .erant:  though  they  had  been  defeated.— 
gestures:  sc.  se.  —  tumultuario  m. :  soldiers  hastily  called  together 
in  the  emergency.  More  time  to  consider  would  perhaps  have  led  to 
an  immediate  surrender. 

38.  Form  of  surrender.  War  with  Latins.  Constructions  in  Rome. 
1.  in  praesidio:  m  co?7imand,  either  of  a  garrison  or  a  colony.  2.  vos 
populumque:  the  two  words  form  the  comprehensive  whole,  hence 
-que,  while  the  following  words  give  the  several  particulars.  3.  tri- 
umphans: with  the  idea  of  a  procession.  4.  ubi  .  .  .  est:  i.e.  there 
was  not  with  them,  as  with  the  Sabines,  a  single  decisive  engagement. 


LIBER  I  67 

omne  nomen  Latinum  domuit.  Corniculum,  Ficulea 
vetus,  Cameria,  Crustumerium,  Ameriola,  MeduUia, 
Nomentum,  haec  de  Priscis  Latmis  aiit  qui  ad  Latinos 
defecerant  capta  oppida.   Pax  deinde  est  facta. 

Maiore  indeanimo  pacis  opera  incohata  quam  quanta  5 
mole  gesserat  bella,  ut  non  quietior  populus  domi  esset 
quam   mllitiae   fuisset;   nam  et  mtiro   lapideo,  cuius  o 
exordium  operis  Sabiuo  bello  turbatum  erat,  urbem, 
qua  nondum  miinierat,  cingere  parat ;  et  infima  urbis 
loca  circa  forum  aliasque  interiectas  collibus  convalles, 
quia  ex  planis  locis  haud  facile  evehebant  aquas,  cloa-  7 
CIS   fastigio   in   Tiberim   ductis   siccat,   et  aream   ad 
aedem  in  Capitolio  lovis,  quam  voverat  bello  Sabino, 
iam  praesagiente  animo  fiituram    olim  amplittidinem 
loci,  occupat  fundamentis. 

39.  Eo  tempore  in  regia  prodigium  visii  eventuque 
mirabile  f uit :  puero  dormienti,  cul  Servio  Tullio  f uit 
nomen,  caput  arsisse  ferunt  multorum  in  conspectti. 
Pltirimo  igitur  clamore  inde  ad  tantae  rei  miraculum  2 
orto  excitos  reges,  et  cum  quidam  familiarium  aquam 
ad  restinguendum  ferret,  ab  rgglna  retentum,  s6dSr 
toque  eam  tumultti  moverl  vetuisse  puerum,  donee  sua 
sponte  experrectus  esset.  Mox  cum  somno  et  flam- 
mam  ablsse.     Tum  abducto  in  secretum  viro  Tanaquil  3 

—  nomen:  lea g up. —  qni:  for  de  Us  qui,  e.g.  MeduUia;  see  c.  33.  4. 
5.  MSiore  .  .  .  bella:  (ken  he  began  the  works  of  peace  with  an  ear- 
nestness greater  than  the  energy  with  which  he  had  conducted 
war.  —  quietior:  less  freedom  from  sej'vice,  forced  labor.  6.  infima 
.  .  .  convalles:  the  low  marshy  ground  between  the  hills  and  the 
Tiber,  including  the  Forum  and  the  Circus  Maximus.  7.  fastigio: 
on  a  grade,  sloping,  distinguished  from  planis,  level.  —  aream: 
site,  made  by  clearing  the  rocks  and  raising  walls  on  the  edge  of 
the  hill. 

39.  Birth  of  Servius  TuUius.     1.  eventu:    the   outcome  was  as 
remarkable  as  the  omen.    2.  reges:  the  royal  pair.    3.  abducto  .  .  . 


68  TITI  LIVI 

"Viden  tti  puerum  hunc,"  inquit,  "quern  tarn  humili 
cultti  educamus  ?  Scire  licet  hunc  lumen  quondam 
rebus  nostris  dubils  futurum  praesidiumque  regiae 
adflictae;  proinde  materiam  ingentis  publice  priva- 
timque  decoris   omnI  indulgentia  nostra  nutriamus." 

4  Inde  puerum  liberum  loco  coeptum  haberl  erudlrlque 
artibus  quibus  ingenia  ad  magnae  forttinae  cultum 
excitantur.  Evenit  facile  quod  diis  cordi  esset:  iu- 
venis  evasit  vere  indolis  regiae,  nee,  cum  quaereretur 
gener  Tarquinio,  quisquam  Romanae  iuventtitis  ulla  arte 

5  conferri  potuit,  flliamque  ei  suam  rex  despondit.  Hic 
quacumque  de  causa  tantus  illl  honos  habitus  credere 
prohibet  serva  natum  eum  parvumque  ipsum  servlsse. 
Eorum  magis  sententiae  sum,  qui  Corniculo  capto, 
Servi  TullI,  qui  prmceps  in  ilia  urbe  fuerat,  gravidam 
viro  occiso  uxorem,  cum  inter  reliquas  captlvas  cognita 
esset,  ob  tinicam  nobilitatem  ab  regina  Romana  probi- 
bitam  ferunt  servitio  partum   Romae  edidisse  Prlsci 

6  Tarquini  in  domo.  Inde  tanto  beneficio  et  inter  mu- 
lieres  familiaritatem  auctam,  et  puerum,  ut  in  domo  a 
parvo  eductum,  in  caritate  atque  lionore  f uisse ;  f ortu- 
nam  matris,  quod  capta  patria  in  hostium  mantis  vene- 
rit,  ut  serva  natus  crederetur  fecisse. 

40.   Duodequadragesimo  ferme  anno,  ex  quo  regnare 

coeperat  Tarquinius,  non  apud  regem  modo  sed  apud 

patres  plebemque  longe  maximo  lionore  Servius  Tullius 

2  erat.    Tum  And  filii  duo,  etsi  antea  semper  pro  indi- 

viro:  taking  her  husband  aside.  — Yiden:  for  videsne.  —Scire  licet: 
it  is  evident— publice  p.:  adv.  as  adj.  4.  liberum  1.:  as  a  son.— 
artibus:  i.e.  an  education  that  leads  to  culture.  — evasit:  turned  out. 
que :  and  so.  5.  Hic :  the  honor  of  becoming  the  king's  son-in- 
law.  —  cognita :  recognized  as  of  high  station.  —  domo :  for  doml. 
40.  DeathofTarquin.    1.  honor e:  abl.  qual.    2.  filii :  has  no  predi- 


LIBER  I  69 

gnissimo  habuerant  s6  patrio  rggno  ttitoris  fraude  pul- 
sos,  rggnare  E-omae  advenam  non  modo  vicinae,  sed 
ne  Italicae  qiiidem  stirpis,  turn  impensius  iis  indigni- 
tas  crgscere,  si  ne  ab  Tarquinio  quidem  ad  se  re- 
diret  regnum,  sed  praeceps  inde  porro  ad  servitia  3 
caderet,  ut  in  eadem  civitate  post  centesimum  fere 
annum  quod  Romulus,  deo  prognatus,  deus  ipse,  tenu- 
erit  rggnum  donee  in  terns  fuerit,  id  servus,  serva 
natus,  possideat.  Cum  commune  Roman!  nominis, 
tum  praecipug  id  domus  suae  dedecus  fore,  si  Anci 
regis  virlli  stirpe  salva  non  modo  advenis  sed  servis 
etiam  regnum  Romae  pateret.  Ferro  igitur  eam  arcere  4 
contumeliam  statuunt.  Sed  et  iniuriae  dolor  in  Tar- 
quinium  ipsum  magis  quam  in  Servium  eos  stimula- 
bat,  et  cum  gravior  ultor  caedis,  si  superesset,  rex 
f uturus  erat  quam  privatus ;  tum  Servio  occiso  quem-  5 
cumque  alium  generum  delegisset,  eundem  regni  here- 
dem  facturus  videbatur;  ob  haec  ipsi  regi  insidiae 
parantur.  Ex  pastoribus  duo  ferocissimi  delect!  ad 
facinus,  quibus  consuet!  erant  uterque  agrestibus  fer- 
rament!s,  in  vestibulo  regiae  quam  potuere  tumultu- 
osissime  specie  r!xae  in  se  omnes  apparitores  regios 
convertunt.  Inde,  cum  ambo  regem  appellarent  cla- 
morque  eorum  penitus  in  regiam  pervenisset,  vocati 

cate,  but  is  taken  up  by  anacoluthon  in  iis.  —  non  modo:  sc.  non  on 
account  of  the  following  ne  .  .  .  quidem. — indignitas  =  incZt.^/<««io, 
bitterness.  3.  servitia:  for  servos,  abstract  for  concrete. — fere:  of 
general  statements;  the  time  was  138  years.  —  quod:  agrees  with  ?t.(7- 
num.  4.  et  .  .  .  et  .  .  .  tum:  three  reasons  led  them  against  Tar- 
quin,  (a)  their  personal  feeling  against  him,  (6)  his  ability,  greater 
than  would  be  that  of  Servius,  to  punish  a  murder,  and  (c)  tlie  fact 
tliat  if  Sorvius  were  killed  Tarquin  would  find  another  son-in-law. — 
factilrus  erat:  note  the  indie. ;  cf.  e.  7.  5,  5.  quibus,  etc.  =  ils/erra- 
nientis  q. :  dat. ;  tlie  rustic  implements  which  they  commonly  used,  e.g. 
axe  and  mattock. — uterque:  appos.  to  the  subject  dtto,  perhaps  with 


70  TITI  LIVI 

6  ad  regem  pergunt.  Primo  uterqiie  vociferari  et  certa- 
tim  alter  alter!  obstrepere.  Coerciti  ab  llctore  et  iussi 
in  vicem  dicere  tandem  obloqni  desistnnt ;  iinus  rem 

7  ex  composite  orditur.  Dum  intentus  in  eum  se  rex 
totus  averteret,  alter  elatam  securim  in  caput  deiecit, 
rellctoque  in  vulnere  telo  ambo  se  foras  eiciunt. 

41.  Tarquinium  moribundum  cum  qui  circa  erant 
excepissent,  illos  fugientes  lictores  compretiendunt. 
Clamor  inde  concursusque  popull  mirantium  quid  rei 
esset.  Tanaquil  inter  tumultum  claudi  regiam  iubet, 
arbitros  eicit ;  simul  quae  ctirando  vulneri  opus  sunt, 
tamquam   spes   subesset,    sedulo   comparat,  simul,  si 

2  destituat  spes,  alia  praesidia  molitur.  Servio  propere 
accito  cum  paene  exsanguem  virum  ostendisset,  dex- 
tram  tenens  orat  ne  inultam  mortem  soceri,  ne  socrum 

3  inimicis  ludibrio  esse  sinat.  "Tuum  est,"  inquit, 
''  Servi,  SI  vir  es,  regnum,  non  eorum,  qui  alienls 
manibus  pessimum  facinus  fecere.  Erige  te  deosque 
duces  sequere,  qui  clarum  hoc  fore  caput  dlvino  quon- 
dam circumfuso  igni  portenderunt.  Nunc  te  ilia  cae- 
lestis  excitet  flamma,  nunc  expergiscere  vere.  Et  nos 
peregrlni  regnavimus.  Qui  sis,  non  unde  natus  sis, 
reputa.     Si  tua  re  subita  consilia  torpent,  at  tti  mea 

4  consilia  sequere."  Cum  clamor  impetusque  multitti- 
dinis  vix  sustinerl  posset,  ex  superiore  parte  aedium 

the  thought  of  different  implements.  6.  vociferari:  hist.  inf.  —  ex 
composito :  agreed  upon  beforehayid.  7.  Dum:  likecwm,  with  imp.  subj. 
41.  Rise  of  Servius  Tullius.  1.  qui  .  .  .  erant:  the  bystanders.— 
Glamor :  the  omission  of  the  verb,  as  throughout  the  chapter  the  short, 
terse  sentences,  give  force  and  intensity  to  the  scene.  — mirantium: 
asking  with  amazement,  agrees  with  popull.  —  arbitros :  witnesses,  qui 
circa,  erant.  —  subesset  .  .  .  destituat:  impf.  of  doubtful,  pres.  of 
probable,  result ;  the  conclusion  of  si  destituat  is  praesidia.  3.  hoc  = 
tuum.  —  Qui  sis :  what  (manner  of)  man.  —  re  subita :  surprise.  —  at : 


LIBER  I  71 

per  fenestras  in  Novam  Viam  versas  —  habitabat  enim 
rex  ad  lovis  Statoris  —  populum  Tanaquil  adloquitur. 
lubet  bono  animo  esse :  sopitiim  fuisse  regem  subito  5 
ictu,  ferrum  hand  alte  in  corpus  descendisse,  iam  ad 
se  redisse;  inspectum  vulniis  absterso  cniore;  omnia 
salubria  esse.  Confidere  prope  diem  ipsum  eos  visu- 
ros ;  interim  Servio  Tullio  iubere  populum  dicto  audi- 
entem  esse;  eum  itira  redditurum  obiturumque  alia 
regis  mtinia  esse.  Servius  cum  trabea  et  lictoribus  6 
prodit,  ac  sede  regia  sedens  alia  decernit,  de  aliis  con- 
sulturum  se  regem  esse  simulat.  Itaque  per  aliquot 
dies,  cum  iam  exspirasset  Tarquinius,  celata  morte, 
per  speciem  alienae  fungendae  vicis  suas  opes  firma- 
vit.  Tum  demum  palam  factum  est  comploratione  in 
regia  orta.  Servius,  praesidio  f irmo  munltus,  primus 
iniussu  populi  voluntate  patrum  regnavit.  Anci  li-  7 
berl  iam  tum,  cum,  comprensis  sceleris  ministrls,  vivere 
regem  et  tantas  esse  opes  Servi  ntintiatum  est,  Sues- 
sam  Pometiam  exsulatum  ierant. 

42,  Nee  iam  publicis  magis  consiliis  Servius  quam 
privatis  munire  opes,  et  ne,  qualis  Anci  liberum  ani- 
mus adversus  Tarquinium  fuerat,  talis  adversus  s6 
Tarquini  liberum  esset,  duas  filias  iuvenibus  rSgiis 
Lucio  atque   Arrunti   Tarquinils   iungit.     Xec  rupit  2 

at  least.  4.  Novam  Viam:  the  street  started  at  the  Porta  Mugionis, 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  Pahitine,  near  which  was  the  temple  of 
Juppiter  Stator.  and  passed  round  the  northern  end  of  the  hill  to  the 
Velahrum. — lovis :  so.  teinplum.  5.  sopitum:  stutined.  —  Confidere 
.  .  .  iubere  :  sc  se  and  regem  as  suhjects.  — dicto  a.  e. :  obey,  with  the 
dat.  (').  trabeS,:  the  purple-striped  otHcial  robe  of  the  king.  —  sede 
regiS:  the  curule  chair. — fungendae:  gerundive  as  of  a  regular 
transitive  verb. — factum:  sc.  ex'^pirasse  Tarquinium.  —  VoluntSte: 
ppy.'ionnl  favor,  not  auctdritas,  official  sanction. 

42,  43.     "Wars  and  constitutidu  of  Servius. 

42.   1.   publicis  .  .  .  privatis:  for  the  public  advantage  .  .  .for 


72  TITI   LIVI 

tamen  fati  necessitatem  htimanis  consiliis,  quln  invi- 
dia  regn!  etiam  inter  domesticos  infida  omnia  atque 
infesta  faceret.  Peropportime  ad  praesentis  quietem 
status   bellum  cum  Veientibus  —  iam   enim   indtitiae 

3  exierant  —  aliisque  Etrtiscls  sumptum.  In  eo  bello 
et  virtus  et  forttina  enituit  TullI;  ftisoque  ingenti 
hostium  exercitti  baud  dubius  rex,  seu  patrum    sen 

4  plebis  animos  perlclitaretur,  Romam  rediit.  Adgre- 
diturque  inde  ad  pacis  longe  maximum  opus,  ut,  quem 
ad  modum  Numa  divini  auctor  iuris  fuisset,  ita  Ser- 
vium  conditorem  omnis  in  civitate  discrlminis  ordi- 
numque,  quibus  inter   gradtis   dignitatis  forttinaeque 

5  aliquid  interlucet,  poster!  fama  ferrent.  Censum  enim 
instituit,  rem  saluberrimam  tanto  futuro  imperio,  ex 
quo  belli  pacisque  munia  non  virltim  ut  ante,  sed  pro 
habitu  pectiniarum  fierent.  Tum  classes  centuriasque 
et  hunc  ordinem  ex  censu  dlscripsit  vel  paci  decorum 
vel  bello. 

43.   Ex  iis  qui  centum  milium  aeris  aut  maiorem 

censum  haberent,  octoginta  confecit  centurias,  quad- 

2  ragenas  seniorum  ac  iuniorum  —  prima  classis  omnes 

personal  gain.  2.  quin :  translate  by  independent  sentence,  hut.  — 
invidia  r. :  envy  of  his  royal  poiver.  —  domesticos:  his  oicn  family. — 
ad  .  .  .  status :  for  keeping  the  existing  quiet  among  the  people. 
3.  baud  dubius:  unquestionably  king,  by  the  wish  of  plebeians  as 
well  as  of  the  aristocracy.  4.  -que:  and  therefore. — ut:  join  with 
ferrent,  final  clause.  —  omnis  .  .  .  discriminis :  every  civil  dis- 
tinction, further  explained  by  ordinum. — quibus  .  .  .  interlucet: 
by  lohich  a  clear  division  might  appear  between  the  grades  of 
rank  and  fortune.  5.  belli  .  .  .  munia :  military  service  and  taxes. 
—  babitu:  scale  or  holding. — bunc:  the  folloiving.  —  decorum: 
suited. 

43.  1.  mflium :  sc.  assium.  The  original  rating,  census,  was  doubt- 
less in  land,  to  which  a  money  value  is  here  given  according  to  the 
later  coinage.  The  rating  of  the  first  class  was  perhaps  ^1600  of  our 
money.    2.  prima  classis  :  i.e.  the  first  call,  often  called  simply  classis, 


LIBER   I  73 

appellati  —  seniores   ad  urbis   custodiam    ut    praesto 
essent,  iuvenes  ut  forls  bella  gererent.     Anna  his  im- 
perata  galea,  clipeum,  ocreae,  lorica,  omnia  ex  aere; 
haec  ut  tegumenta  corporis  essent;    tela  in   hostem 
hastaque  et  gladius.     Additae  huic  classl  duae  fabrum  3 
centuriae,  quae  sine  armis  stipendia  facerentj  datum 
munus  ut  machinas  in  bello  ferrent.     Secunda  classis  4 
intra  centum  usque  ad  quinque  et  septuaginta  milium 
c6nsum  instittita,  et  ex  iis,  senioribus  iunioribusque, 
vTginti  conscrlptae  centuriae.     Arma  imperata  scutum 
pro  clipeo,  et  praeter  lorlcam  omnia  eadem.     Tertiae 
classis    quinquaginta    milium    censum    esse    voluit. 
Totidem  centuriae  et  hae,  eodemque  discrlmine  acta-  5 
tium  factae ;  nee  de  armIs  quicquam  mutatum,  ocreae 
tantum   ademptae.      In    quarta    classe   census   quin-  6 
que    et   vlginti    milium ;    totidem   centuriae    factae ; 
arma  mtitata,  nihil  praeter  hastam  et  verutum  datum. 
Quinta  classis  aucta,  centuriae  triginta  factae ;  fundas  7 
lapidesque  missiles  hi  secum  gerebant.     His  accensi 
cornicines  tubicinesque,  in  duas  centurias  distributi. 
Undecim  milibus  haec  classis  censebatur.     Hoc  minor  8 
census  reliquam  multittidinem  habuit ;  inde  una  centu- 
ria  facta  est  immunis  militia.     Ita  pedestri  exercitu 
ornato  distribtitoque,  equitum  ex  primoribus  civitatis 
duodecim  scrlpsit  centurias.     Sex  item  alias  centurias,  9 

and  its  members  classici,  hence  our  word  classical.  —  ocreae:  metal 
leggins.  3.  fabrum:  gen.  pi.,  engineei's,  workers  in  wood  and  iron, 
having  charge  of  the  artillery,  machinas.  These  had  not  the  rating  of 
the  first  class,  but  simply  voted  with  it.  4.  scutum :  a  long  rectangu- 
lar shield  protecting  the  body  more  fully  tlian  the  round  clipeus. 
6.  verutum:  a  javelin.  7.  fund&s:  slinf/s.  —  accensi:  sc.  su7it  from 
accensere.  Horn  blowers  and  trumpeters  arranged  in  two  centuries 
were  joined  to  the  .'W  centuries.  8.  immunis  m. :  loithout  military 
duties.— ex  primoribus:  0/  the  leading  men.    9.   alias:   i.e.   other 


74  TITI  LIVI 

tribus  ab  Romulo  mstitutis,  sub  Isdem  quibus  in- 
auguratae  erant  nominibus  fecit.  Ad  equos  emendos 
dena  milia  aeris  ex  publico  data,  et,  quibus  equos 
alerent,  viduae  adtributae,  quae  bina  milia  aeris  in 
annos  singulos   penderent.     Haec   omnia  in   dites   a 

10  pauperibus  incllnata  onera.  Deinde  est  honos  additus : 
non  enini,  ut  ab  E-omulo  traditum  ceterl  servaverant 
reges,  virltim  suffragium  eadem  vi  eodemque  iure 
promisee  omnibus  datum  est,  sed  gradus  facti,  ut 
neque   excltisus  quisquam  suffragio  videretur,  et  vis 

11  omnis  penes  primores  civitatis  esset.  Equites  enim 
vocabantur  prlmi,  octoginta  inde  primae  classis  centu- 
riae ;  ibi  si  variaret,  quod  raro  incidebat,  ut  secundae 
classis  vocarentur,  nee  fere  umquam  Infra  ita  descen- 

12  derent,  ut  ad  Infimos  pervenlrent.  Nee  mirarl  oportet 
hunc  ordinem,  qui  nunc  est  post  expletas  quinque  et 
triginta  tribus,  duplicato  earum  numero  centurils 
itiniorum  seniorumque,  ad  institutam  ab  Servio  Tullio 

13  summam  non  convenire.  Quadrifariam  enim  urbe  dl- 
vlsa  regionibus  collibusque  qui  habitabantur,  partes 
eas  tribus  appellavit,  ut   ego   arbitror   ab   tributo  — 

than  the  twelve  just  mentioned.  —  fecit:  retained.  The  number  of 
centuries  was  thus  193.  —  quibus:  the  antecedent  is  6ma  milia.  The 
widows  and  unmarried  women  of  property  {viduae  applies  to  both) 
thus  furnished  provision  money,  aes  hordedrlum.  10.  honos :  political 
power.  —  ab  R.  traditum :  the  method  of  R.  which  L.  takes  as  without 
distinction  of  patrician  and  plebeian,  promisci,  in  the  curiae.  —  gradus : 
gradations.  — eX,:  and  yet.  11.  vocabantur:  those  first  called  to  vote 
were  praerogdtivae.  —  variaret:  impers.,  i.e.  if  these  centuries,  ibi, 
did  not  agree. —  ut  .  .  .  vocSrentur:  depends  on  a  verb  like  accidit 
to  be  supplied. —descenderent:  the  people  in  voting.  12.  centuriis: 
inst.  abl.  with  duplicato.  In  241  B.C.  the  centuries  in  the  tribes, 
emnim,  were  doubled  by  counting  the  seniores  and  jwiiores  separately, 
making  350  besides  the  18  centuries  of  knights.  13.  Quadrifariam: 
Suburdna,  Palatina,  Esquillna,  and  C'y/Zi?ia. —regionibus  .  .  .  habi- 
tabantur:   according  to  districts  and  inhabited  hills. — tributo:   the 


LIBER   I  75 

nam  eius  quoqiie  aequtiliter  ex  c6nsu  conferendi  ab 
eodem  inita  ratio  est;  neque  eae  tribus  ad  centu- 
riaruiii  distributionein  numeruinque  quicquam  perti- 
nuere. 

44.  Censu  perfecto,  quern  maturaverat  metti  legis 
de  incensis  latae  cum  vinculorum  minis  mortisque, 
gdixit  ut  omnes  cives  Roman!,  equites  peditesque,  in 
suls  quisque  centuriis  in  Campo  Martio  prima  luce 
adessent.  Ibi  mstructum  exercitum  omnem  suovetau-  2 
rilibus  lustravit,  idque  conditum  lustrum  appellatum, 
quia  is  censendo  finis  factus  est.  Milia  octoginta  eo 
lustro  civium  censa  dicuntur.  Adicit  scrlptorum  anti- 
quissimus  Fabius  Pictor,  eorum  qui  arma  f  erre  possent 
eum  numerum  fuisse.  Ad  eam  multitiidinem  urbs  3 
quoque  amplificanda  visa  est.  Addit  duos  colles, 
Quirlnalem  Viminalemque ;  inde  deinceps  auget  Es- 
quilias,  ibique  ipse,  ut  loco  dignitas  fieret,  habitat. 
Aggere  et  fossis  et  mtiro  circumdat  urbem :  ita  pome- 
rium  profert.  Pomerium  verbi  vim  solam  intuentes  4 
postmoerium  interpretantur  esse :  est  autem  magis 
circamoerium,  locus  quem  in  condendis  urbibus  quon- 
dam EtruscI,  qua  murum  ducturl  erant,  certis  circa 
terminis  inaugurate  consecrabant,  ut  neque  interiors 
parte  aedificia  moenibus  continuarentur,  quae  nunc 
vulgo  etiam  coniungunt,  et  extrlnsecus  purl  aliquid  ab 

derivation  is  incorrect;  each  word  has  the  stem  tri,  three;  tributum 
was  not  a  regular  tax,  but  a  levy  made  for  an  emergency. 

44.  Enlargement  of  the  city.  1.  incensis:  those  who  did  not 
register.  —  vinculorum:  imprisonment.  2.  suovetaurilibus :  a  boar, 
a  ram,  and  a  bull,  first  led  around  the  army  and  then  sacrificed 
as  a  sin-offering;  lustrum.  3.  Ad:  in  accordance  with.  The  en- 
largement was  on  the  eastern  side.  4.  vim:  etymology?  —  certis  c. 
terminis:  viith  definite  hounds  (stones,  called  cippi)  on  each  side,  i.e. 
without  and  within.  —  continuarentur :    built  up  to.  —  puri...ab: 


76  TITI   LI VI 

5  humano  cultti  pateret  soli.  Hoc  spatinm,  quod  neque 
habitari  neque  arari  fas  erat,  non  magis  quod  post 
murum  esset  quam  quod  mtirus  post  id,  pomerium 
Eomani  appellarunt;  et  in  urbis  incremento  semper, 
quantum  moenia  processtira  erant,  tantum  termini  hi 
consecrati  proferebantur. 

45.  Aucta  civitate  magnitudine  urbis,  formatis  om- 
nibus domi  et  ad  belli  et  ad  pacis  ustis,  ne  semper 
armis  opes  adquirerentur,  consilio  augere   imperium 

2  conatus  est,  simul  et  aliquod  addere  urbi  decus.  lam 
turn  erat  inclitum  Dianae  Ephesiae  fanum.  Id  com- 
mtiniter  a  civitatibus  Asiae  factum  fama  ferebat. 
Eum  consensum  deosque  consociatos  laudare  mire 
Servius  inter  proceres  Latinorum,  cum  quibus  pub- 
lice  privatimque  hospitia  amicitiasque  de  industria 
itinxerat.  Saepe  iterando  eadem  perpulit  tandem 
ut  E/omae   fanum  Dianae  popull  Latini  cum   populo 

3  Romano  facerent.  Ea  erat  confessio  caput  rerum 
Romam  esse,  de  quo  totiens  armis  certatum  fuerat. 
Id  quamquam  omissum  iam  ex  omnium  cura  Latino- 
rum  ob  rem  totiens  inf  eliciter  temptatam  armis  videba- 
tur,  uni  se  ex  Sabinis  fors  dare  visa  est  privato  consi- 

4  lio  imperil  recuperandi.  Bos  in  Sabinis  nata  cuidam 
patri  familiae  dicitur  miranda  magnitudine  ac  specie. 
Fixa  per  multas  aetates  cornua  in  vestibulo  templi 

5  Dianae  monumentum  ei  fuere  miraculo.     Habita,  ut 

free  from.    5.  spatium,  quod:  gwod  is  relative.  — non  m.  quod:  as 
much  because. 

45.  Union  of  Rome  and  Latium.  1.  omnibus:  neuter.  2.  deos- 
que consociatos:  religious  union.  —  publico  .  •  .  iiinxerat:  political 
and  personal  guest  friendships.  3.  Ea:  this  action.  —  omissum  .  ,  . 
videbatur:  seemed  to  have  passed  from  the  thought. —  ommvim: 
antithetic  to  uni,  hence  its  position.  4.  patri  familiae:  property 
owner.  —  miraculo:  dat.  (as  if  one  of  two  datives)  instead  of  gen. 


LIBER  I  77 

erat,  res  prodigii  loco  est ;  et  cecin6re  vates,  cuius  clvi- 
tatis  earn  civis  Dianae  immolasset,  ibi  fore  imperium, 
idque  carmen  pervenerat  ad  antistitem  fan!  Dianae. 
Sabinusque,  ut  prima  apta  dies  sacrificio  visa  est,  bovem  6 
Romam  actam  deducit  ad  fanum  Dianae  et  ante  aram 
statuit.  Ibi  antistes  Romanus,  cum  eum  magnitude 
victimae  celebrata  fama  movisset,  memor  responsi  Sa- 
binum  ita  adloquitur:  "Quidnam  tu,  hospes,  paras," 
inquit,  "  inceste  sacrificium  Dianae  facere  ?  Quin  tu 
ante  vivo  perfunderis  flumine  ?  Infima  valle  praefluit 
Tiberis."  Religione  tactus  hospes,  qui  omnia,  ut  pro-  7 
diglo  responderet  eventus,  cuperet  rite  facta,  extemplo 
descendit  ad  Tiberim.  Interea  Romanus  immolat  Di- 
anae bovem.  Id  mire  gratum  regi  atque  civitati  fuit. 
46.  Servius  quamquam  iam  tisu  baud  dubie  regnum 
possederat,  tamen,  quia  interdum  iactari  voces  a  iuvene 
Tarquinio  audiebat,  se  iniussu  popull  regnare,  con- 
ciliata  prius  voluntate  plebis  agro  capto  ex  hostibus 
viritim  diviso,  ausus  est  ferre  ad  populum,  vellent 
iuberentne  se  regnare ;  tantoque  consensu  quanto  baud 
quisquam  alius  ante,  rex  est  declaratus.  Neque  ea  2 
res  Tarquinio  spem  adfectandi  regni  minuit;  immo 
eo  impensius,  quia  d&  agro  plebis  adversa  patrum  vo- 
luntate senserat  agi,  criminandl  Servi  apiid  patr6s  cr6- 
scendlque  in  curia  sibi  occasionem  datam  ratus  est,  et 

5.  cecinere:  predicted,  as  carmen  is  prediction.  —  cuius :  its  antece- 
dent is  in  ibi.  6.  Sabinusque:  the  que  connects  with  §  4.  — inceste: 
without  washing,  hence  dejiled.  —  Quin:  emphatic,  why  not  {go). 
7.  facta:  sc.  esse. 

46-48.   Overthrow  of  Servius. 

46.  1.  fisu:  prescription,  as  in  22.  44.  6.  —  conciliata  .  ,  .  diviso: 
gaining  the  favor  .  .  .by  dividing;  two  abl.  abs.,  one  modifying  the 
other.  2.  adfectandi:  seizmr/.  — impensius:  modifies  criminandf,  a 
rather  loose  sentence.  —  crescendi:  i.e.  in  influence.  —  et  .  .  .  et:  two 


78  TITI  LIVI 

ipse  iuvenis  ardentis  animi  et  domi  uxore  Tullia  in- 

3  quietum  animum  stimulante.  Tulit  enim  et  Romana 
regia  sceleris  tragic!  exemplum,  ut  taedio  regum  ma- 
ttirior  veniret  libertas,  ultimumque  regnum  esset,  quod 

4  scelere  partum  foret.  Hic  L.  Tarqiiinius  —  Prisci 
Tarquini  regis  filius  neposne  fuerit,  parum  liquet; 
pluribus  tameii  auctoribus  f Ilium  ediderim  —  fratrem 
habuerat  Arruntem  Tarquinium,  mitis  ingenil  iuvenem. 

5  His  duobus,  ut  ante  dictum  est,  duae  Tulliae,  regis 
flliae,  nupserant,  et  ipsae  longe  dispares  moribus. 
Forte  ita  inciderat,  ne  duo  violenta  ingenia  matrimo- 
nio  iungerentur,  fortuna,  credo,  popull  RomanI,  quo 
dititurnius  Servl  regnum  esset,  constitulque  civitatis 

6  mores  possent.  Angebatur  ferox  Tullia  nihil  materiae 
in  viro  neque  ad  cupiditatem  neque  ad  audaciam  esse ; 
tota  in  alteram  aversa  Tarquinium  eum  mirari,  eum 
virum  dicere  ac  regio  sanguine  ortum ;  spernere  soro- 
rem,   quod   virum   nacta   muliebrl    cessaret    audacia. 

7  Contrahit  celeriter  similitiido  eos,  ut  fere  fit  —  malum 
malo  aptissimum  —  sed  initium  turbandl  omnia  a 
femina  ortum  est.  Ea  secretis  virl  alien!  adsuefacta 
sermonibus,  ntillls  verborum  contumelils  parcere  de 
viro  ad  fratrem,  de  sorore  ad  virum;  et  se  rectius 
viduam  et  ilium  caelibem  futurum  fuisse  contendere 

causal  ideas  of  different  constructions.  3.  Tulit :  produced,.  —  et :  in 
Rome  as  well  as  in  Thebes  and  Mycenae. — tragici:  fit  for  tragedy. 
4.  auctoribus:  abl.  abs.  5.  nupserant:  had  married  {veiled  them- 
selves fo?-). —  ne:  instead  of  ut  non,  as  if  the  fortune  of  Rome,  here 
personified,  had  happened  with  the  purpose  of  preventing  such  unions. 
—  civitatis  mores:  the  new  constitution.  6.  ferox:  the  violent  one, 
in  distinction  from  the  mild  one  ;  do  not  translate  '  the  violent  Tullia,' 
for  which  the  Latin  would  be  Tullia,  mulier  ferox. — cupiditatem: 
ambitious  plans. — mirari:  i.e.  expressed  her  admiration.  —  cessaret: 
failed  in.  7.  viri :  limits  sermoriihus.  —  de  . . .  virum :  of  her  husband  to 
his  brother,  and  of  her  sister  to  her  (sister's)  husband.  — viduam:  un- 


LIBER   I  79 

quam  cum  imparl  iungi,  ut   elanguescendum   ali6na 
ignavia  esset.     Si  sibi  eum  quo  digna  esset  dii  dedis-  8 
sent  virum,    domi   se   prope   diem    visuram    regnum 
fuisse,  quod  apud  patrem  videat.     Celeriter  adulSscen- 
tem  suae  temeritatis  implet.     Ita  Lucius  Tarquinius  9 
et   Tullia  minor   prope    continuatis    funeribus    cum 
domos  vacuas  novo  matrimonio  fecissent,   iunguntur 
nuptiis,  magis  non  prohibente  Servio  quam  adprobante. 
47.   Turn  vero  in  dies  infestior  Tulli  senectus,  in- 
festius  coepit  regnum  esse.     lam  enim  ab  scelere  ad 
aliud  spectare  mulier  scelus,  nee  nocte  nee  interdiu  vi- 
rum conquiescere  pati,  ne  gratuita  praeterita  parricidia 
essent :  non  sibi  defuisse,  cui  nupta  diceretur,  nee  cum  2 
quo  tacita  serviret ;  defuisse,  qui  se  regno  dignum  pu- 
taret,  qui  meminisset  se  esse  Prlsci  Tarquini  filium, 
qui  habere  quam  sperare  regnum  mallet.     "  Si  tti  is  es  3 
cui  nuptam  esse  me  arbitror,  et  virum  et  regem  appello ; 
sin  minus,  eo  nunc  peius  mutata  res  est,  quod  istic 
cum  ignavia  est  scelus.     Quin  accingeris  ?     Non  tibi  4 
ab  Corintho  nee  ab  Tarquiniis,  ut  patri  tuo,  peregrina 
regna  mollrl  necesse  est;    di  te  penates  patrilque  et 
patris  imago  et  domus  regia  et  in  domo  regale  solium 
et  nomen  Tarquinium  creat  vocatque  regem.     Aut  si  5 
ad  haec  parum  est  animi,  quid  frustraris  civitatem? 


married.    8.  temeritatis:  gen.  with  implet.    9.   continufitis :  simul- 
tanpous.  —  mStrimonid :  dat.  with  vacuas. 

47.  1.  infestior:  endangrered.  —  gratuita :  without  result.  2.  non 
sibi  d. :  had  not  been  wantlnr/  to  himsc/f,  i.e.  his  acts  had  not  fallen 
below  his  ambition.  —  cui  .  .  .  diceretur:  dissimilarity  of  natures  pre- 
venting a  real  man-iage.  'i.  Si  .  .  .  arbitror :  if  you  are  the  man 
whom  I  think  I  marripd.  —peius  .  .  .  est :  the  change  is  for  the  worse. 
—istic  =  in  te.  —  Non  ...  est :  i.e.  as  you  do  not  come  from  Corinth  or 
Tarquinii,  this  is  not  a  foreign  land  in  which  it  is  necessary  for  you  to 
build  up  a  kingdom  for  yourself.    5.  friistraris:  since  the  citizens 


80  TITI  LIVI 

Quid  te  ut  regium  iuvenem  conspici  sinis  ?     Facesse 
liinc  Tarquinios  aut   Corinthum,  devolvere  retro   ad 

6  stirpem,  fratris  similior  quam  patris."  His  aliisque 
increpando  iuvenem  mstigat,  nee  conquiescere  ipsa 
potest,  SI,  cum  Tanaquil,  peregrina  mulier,  tantum 
mollrl  potuisset  animo  ut  duo  continua  regna  viro  ac 
deinceps  genero  dedisset,  ipsa,  regio  semine  orta, 
nullum    momentum    in    dando    adimendoque    regno 

7  faceret.  His  muliebribus  Instmctus  furils  Tarquinius 
circumire  et  prensare  minorum  maxime  gentium  patres; 
admonere  paterni  beneficii,  ac  pro  eo  gratiam  repetere ; 
adlicere  donis  iuvenes ;  cum  de  se  ingentia  pollicendo 

8  tum  regis  criminibus  omnibus  locis  crescere.  Postremo, 
ut  iam  agendae  rei  tempus  visum  est,  stipatus  agmine 
armatorum  in  forum  inrupit.  Inde  omnibus  perculsis 
pavore,  in  regia  sede  pro  curia  sedens,  patres  in  curiam 
per   praeconem   ad  regem   Tarquinium   citari   iussit. 

9  Convenere  extemplo,  alii  iam  ante  ad  hoc  praeparati, 
alii   metu,  ne   non  veiiisse  fraudi   esset,  novitate  ac 

10  miraculo  attoniti  et  iam  de  Servio  actum  rati.  Ibi 
Tarquinius  maledicta  ab  stirpe  ultima  orsus :  servum 
servaque  natum  post  mortem  indlgnam  parentis  sul, 
non  interregno,  ut  antea,  inito,  non  comitiis  liabitis, 
non  per  suffragium  popull,  non  auctoribus  patribus, 

11  muliebrl  dono  regnum  occupasse.  Ita  natum,  ita 
creatum  regem,  fautorem  InfimI  generis  hominum,  ex 


expect  much  from  you.  —regium  i. :  prince.  —  Facesse  h. :  make  of. 
—  devolvere  .  .  .  stirpem :  sink  to  the  level  of  your  family .  6.  semine: 
stock.  7.  circumire  et  p. :  began  a  general  hand-shaking,  a  later 
electioneering  practice.  —  beneficii :  gen.  with  verb  of  reminding. 
8.  pro:  in  the  front  {part)  of .  9.  nonvenisse:  the  not  coming,  fail- 
ure to  come.  —  iam  .  .  .  actum:  it  ivas  all  over  with  S.  10.  stirpe  u. : 
birth.  —  non :  the  four  expressions  introduced  by  non  form  two  pairs 


LIBER   I  81 

quo  ipse  sit,  odio  alienae  honestatis  ereptum  primori- 
bus  agriim  sordidissimo  cuiqiie  divisisse ;  omnia  onera,  12 
quae  conimunia  quondam  fuerint,  incllnasse  in  prl- 
mores  civitatis ;  instituisse  censum,  ut  insignis  ad  invi- 
diam locupletiorum  fortuna  esset,  et  parata  unde,  ubi 
vellet,  egentissimis  larglretur. 

48.   Huic  oration!  Servius  cum  intervenisset  trepido 
nuntio  excitatus,  extempio  a  vestibule  curiae  magna 
voce  "  Quid  hoc,"  inquit,  "  TarquinI,  rei  est  ?     Qua  tu 
audacia  me  vivo  vocare  ausus  es  patres  aut  in  sede 
consldere  mea  ?  "     Cum  ille  f erociter  ad  haec :  se  pa-    2 
tris  sui  tenere  sedem,  multo  quam  servum  potiorem, 
fllium  regis,  regni  heredem ;  satis  ilium  diti  per  licen- 
tiam  eludentem  insultasse  dominis,  clamor  ab  utrius- 
que  fautoribus  oritur,  et  concursus  populi  fiebat  in 
curiam,  apparebatque  regnaturum  qui  vicisset.     Tum    3 
Tarquinius,  necessitate  iam  etiam  ipsa  cogente  ultima 
audgre,  multo  et  aetate  et  viribus  validior,  medium 
adripit  Servium,  elatumque  e  curia  in  mferiorem  par- 
tem per  gradus  deicit ;  inde  ad  cogendum  senatum  in 
curiam  redit.     Fit  fuga  regis  apparitorum  atque  comi- 
tum.     Ipse  prope  exsanguis,  ab  iis  qui  missi  ab  Tarqui-    4 
nio  fugientem  consecuti  erant,  interficitur.     Creditur,    5 
quia  non  abhorret  a  cetero  scelere,  admonitii  Tulliae  id 
factum.     Carpento  certe,  id  quod  satis  constat,  in  fo- 
rum invecta  nee  reverita  coetum  virorum  evocavit  virum 

arranged  in  chiastic  order.    11.  honestatis:   nobility.    12.  insignis: 
a  mark. 

48.  2.  Cum:  sc.  diceret,  dependent  on  onfwr.  —  potiorem :  Diore 
lawful ;  join  with  heredem.  —  fHium  :  appositive  to  se.  —  per  .  .  .  elii- 
dentem:  inioantonmockpru.  3.  medium:  by  thehody.—cogendiViva.: 
restoring  order.  4.  exsanguis:  thoujjli  almost  killed  by  his  fall,  he 
made  his  way  to  the  Cyprius  vicus  (see  maps)  before  he  was  over- 
taken.   5.  abhorret:    inconsistent.  — inYQCtdL-.   riding.— x&VQTi\,B.:  it 

G 


82  TITI  LIVI 

0  e  curia,  regemque  prima  appellavit.  A  quo  facessere 
iussa  ex  tanto  tumultti  cum  se  domum  reciperet,  per- 
venissetque  ad  summum  Cyprium  vicum,  ubi  Dianium 
ntiper  fuit,  flectenti  carpentum  dextra  in  Urbium 
clivum,  ut  in  collem  Esquiliarum  eveheretur,  restitit 
pavidus  atque  inhibuit  frenos  is  qui  iumenta  agebat, 
iacentemque  dominae   Servium   trucidatum   ostendit. 

7  Foedum  inhumanumque  inde  traditur  scelus  monu- 
mentoque  locus  est ;  sceleratum  vicum  vocant,  quo 
amens  agitantibus  furiis  sororis  ac  viri  Tullia  per 
patris  corpus  carpentum  egisse  fertur,  partemque  san- 
guinis ac  caedis  paternae  cruento  vehiculo  contaminata 
ipsa  respersaque  tulisse  ad  penates  suos  virique  sui, 
quibus  iratis  malo  regni  prmcipio  similes  prope  diem 
exitus  sequerentur. 

8  Servius  Tullius  regnavit  annos  quattuor  et  qua- 
draginta  ita  ut  bono  etiam  moderatoque  succedenti  regi 
difficilis  aemulatio  esset.  Ceterum  id  quoque  ad  glo- 
riam  accessit,  quod  cum  illo  simul  iusta  ac  legitima 

9  regna  occiderunt.  Id  ipsum  tam  mite  ac  tam  modera- 
tum  imperium  tamen,  quia  unlus  esset,  deponere  eum  in 
animo  habuisse  quidam  auctores  sunt,  ni  scelus  intesti- 
num  llberandae  patriae  consilia  agitanti  intervenisset. 

49.    Inde  L.  Tarquinius  regnare  occepit,  cui  Superbo 


was  not  considered  decorous  for  women  to  appear  in  public  assemblies. 
6.  Dianium:  a  shrine  of  Diana.  —  flectenti:  sc.  Tw^/iae,  depending  on 
restitit.  The  passenger  turns  the  carriage  by  giving  orders ;  cf .  egisse 
below.  7.  inde:  i/ierewpon.  — amens: /re/izied,  — sanguinis  .  .  .  pa- 
ternae: the  blood  of  her  mui^dered  father ;  hendiadys.  —  principio: 
dat.  with  similes.  9.  unius :  pred.  poss.  gen. ;  his  personally,  not  that 
of  a  commonwealth. — habuisse:  depends  on  auctores  sunt  as  a  verb 
of  saying.  —  intestinum :  family. 

49-52.   Tarquin's  reign.    The  Latin  League. 

49.  1.  Superbo:  Tyrant;  his  acts  of  tyranny  are  given  in  the  gma 


LIBER   I  83 

cognomen  facta  indid6runt,  quia  socerum  gener  sepul- 
tura  proliibuit,  Romulum  quoque  msepultum  perisse 
dictitans;     primoresque    patruin,    quos    Servi    rebus  2 
favisse    credebat,   interfecit;    conscius    deinde    male 
quaerendi  regni  ab  se  ipso  adversus  se  exemplum  cap! 
posse,  armatis  corpus  circumsaepsit ;  neque  enim  ad  3 
ius  regni  quicquam  praeter  vim  habebat,  ut  qui  neque 
popull  iussu  neque  auctoribus  patribus  regnaret.     Eo  4 
accedebat,  ut  in  caritate  civium  nihil  spei  reponenti 
metu  regnum  tutandum  esset.     Quem  ut  pluribus  in- 
cuteret,  cognitiones   capitalium   rerum   sine   consiliis 
per  se  solus  exercebat,  perque  earn  causam  occidere,  in  5 
exsilium  agere,  bonis  multare  poterat  non   suspectos 
modo  aut  invisos,  sed  unde  nihil  aliud  quam  praedam 
sperare  posset.     Praecipue  ita  patrum  numero  immi-  6 
nuto  statuit  niillos  in  patres  legere,  quo  contemptior 
paucitate  ipsa  ordo  esset,  minusque  per  se  nihil  agi 
indignarentur.     Hic  enim  regum  primus  traditum  a  7 
prioribus    morem   de    omnibus    senatum    consulendi 
solvit,    domesticis    consiliis    rem    publicam    admini- 
stravit ;  bellum,  pacem,  foedera,  societates  per  s6  ipse, 
cum   quibus  voliiit,  iniussu   populi   ac  senatus   fecit 
diremitque.     Latinorimi  sibi  maxime  gentem  concilia-  8 
bat,  ut  peregrinis  quoque  opibus   ttitior   inter   cives 
esset,  neque  hospitia  modo  cum  primoribus  eorum  sed 
adflnitates  quoque  iungebat.     Octavio  Mamilio  Tus-  9 


clause.  2.  rebus:  cawse.  — capi:  a  kind  of  zeugma;  the  precedent, 
exemplum,  was  given  by  him  and  could  be  used  against  him.  3.  ad  :  as  to ; 
lit.  ^owarcZ.  —  utqui:  since.  4.  reponenti:  dat.  agt. ;  sc.  ei.  — cogfniti- 
ones :  trials  of  cases  affecting  the  life  or  civil  status,  caput,  of  a  citizen. 
5.  causam:  i.e.  the  trials.  —  bozus  m. :  confiscate  the  properly  of. — 
unde  =  a  quibus.  0.  minus  .  .  .  indignarentur:  their  small  number 
would  prevent  their  being  ashamed  of  doing  nothing.    7.  domesticis : 


84  TITI  LIVI 

culano  —  is  longe  princeps  Latlni  nominis  erat,  si 
f amae  credimiis,  ab  Ulixe  deaque  Circa  oriundus  —  ei 
Mamilio  flliam  nuptum  dat,  perque  eas  ntiptias  mul- 
tos  sibi  cognatos  amicosque  eius  conciliat. 

50.  lam  magna  Tarquini  auctoritas  inter  Latinorum 
proceres  erat,  cum  in  diem  certam  ut  ad  Iticum  Feren- 
tinae   conveniant   indlcit:    esse  quae  agere  de  rebus 

2  communibus  velit.  Conveniunt  f  requentes  prima  luce. 
Ipse  Tarquinius  diem  quidem  servavit,  sed  paulo  ante 
quam  sol  occideret,  venit.     Multa  ibi  tota  die  in  con- 

3  cilio  variis  iactata  sermonibus  erant.  Turnus  Her- 
donius  ab  Aricia  ferociter  in  absentem  Tarquinium 
erat  invectus :  baud  mirum  esse  Superbo  inditum 
Romae  cognomen  —  iam  enim  ita  clam  quidem  mus- 
sitantes,  vulgo  tamen  eum  appellabant  —  an  quicquam 
superbius  esse  quam  ludificarl  sic  omne  nomen  Lati- 

4  num  ?  Prmcipibus  longe  ab  domo  excitis  ipsum,  qui 
concilium  indixerit,  non  adesse.  Temptarl  profecto 
patientiam,  ut,  si  iugum  acceperint,  obnoxios  premat. 
Cui  enim  non  apparere,  adfectare  eum  imperium  in 

5  Latinos  ?  Quod  si  sul  bene  crediderint  elves,  aut  si 
creditum  illud  et  non  raptum  parricldio  sit,  credere 
et  Latinos,  quamquam  ne  sic  quidem  alienigenae,  de- 

6  bere;  sin  suos  eius  paeniteat,  quippe  qui  alii  super 
alios  trucldentur,  exsulatum  eant,  bona  amittant,  quid 
spei  melioris  Latlnis  portendl  ?     Si  se  audiant,  domum 

his  personal  following.     9.  nuptum :   in  marriage ;  lit.  for  the  veil- 
ing ;  supine. 

50.  2.  iactata:  disc wssecZ  without  decision,  as  the  presiding  ofl&cer 
was  absent,  and  deliberations  ended  at  sunset.  3.  clam  .  .  .  tamen : 
with  secret  mutterings  indeed,  but  yet  general.  — an.  .  .esse:  the 
rhetorical  question  of  the  direct  speech.  4.  obnoxios  p. :  oppress 
them  as  slaves.  5.  Quod:  i.e.  imperium. — bene:  to  their  profit. — 
credere  .  .  .  debere:  the  Latins  also  ought  to  trust  him  {perhaps),  and 


LIBER   I  86 

siiam  quemque  inde  abittiros  neque  magis  observaturos 
diem  concilii  quam  ipse  qui  indixerit  observet.     Haec  7 
atque  alia  eodem  pertinentia  seditiosus  f acinorosusque 
homo  hisque  artibus  opes  domi  nactus  cum  maxime 
dissereret,   intervenit   Tarquinius.      Is   finis  orationi  8 
fuit.     Aversi  omnes  ad  Tarquinium  salutandum ;  qui, 
silentio  facto,  monitus  a  proximis  ut  purgaret  se,  quod 
id  temporis  venisset,  disceptatorem  ait  se  sumptum 
inter  patrem  et  filium,  cura  reconciliandl  eos  in  gra- 
tiam  moratum  esse ;    et,  quia  ea  res  exemisset  ilium 
diem,  postero  die  acturum  quae  constituisset.     Ne  id  9 
quidem  ab  Turno  tulisse  taciturn  ferunt;  dixisse  enim 
nullam  breviorem  esse  cognitionem  quam  inter  patrem 
et  filium  pauclsque  transigl  verbis  posse :  nl  pareat 
patrl,  habiturum  Infortunium  esse. 

51.  Haec  Ariclnus  in  regem  Eomanum  increpans  ex 
concilio  abiit.  Quam  rem  Tarquinius  aliquanto  quam 
videbatur  aegrius  ferens  confestim  Turno  necem  ma- 
chinatur,  ut  eundem  terrorem,  quo  civium  animos 
domi  oppresserat,  Latlnis  iniceret.  Et  quia  pro  im-  2 
perio  palam  interfici  non  poterat,  oblato  falso  crimine 
Insontem  oppressit.  Per  adversae  factionis  quosdam 
Ariclnos  servum  TurnI  auro  corrtipit,  ut  in  dfiverso- 
rium  eius  vim  magnam  gladiorum  Inferri  clam  sineret. 
Ea  cum  una  nocte  perfecta  essent,  Tarquinius  paulo  3 
ante  lucem  accltis  ad  se  prmcipibus  Latinorum  quasi 
re  nova  perturbatus,  moram  suam   hesternam,  velut 

yet  not  {seeing  that  he  loas)  a  foreigner.  7.  eodem  pertinentia:  of 
the  same  import.  —  artibus :  of  sedition  and  daring.  8.  id  temporis  = 
eo  tempore.  —  disceptatorem :  arbitrator.  9.  tulisse :  sc.  Tarqui- 
nium.—%a.cit\im.:  without  comment  by  Turnus.  —  dixisse :  sc.  Tur- 
wwm.  — habiturum  .  .  .  esse:  woe  betide  him. 

61.   1.   videbatur:    seemed  to  do.     2.   proi. :    by  virtue  of  {Tar- 


86  TITI  LIVI 

deorum   quadam   providentia   inlatam,  ait  saluti  sibi 

4  atque  illls  fuisse.  Ab  Turno  did  sibi  et  primoribus 
populorum  pararl  necem,  ut  Latmorum  solus  imperium 
teneat.  Adgresstirum  fuisse  hesterno  die  in  concilio ; 
dllatam  rem  esse,  quod  auctor  concilii  afuerit,  quern 

5  maxime  peteret.  Inde  illam  absentis  Insectationem 
esse  natam,  quod  morando  spem  destituerit.  Non 
dubitare,  si  vera  deferantur,  quin  prima  luce,  ubi 
ventum  in  concilium  sit,  Instriictus  cum  coniuratorum 

6  manu  armatusque  venttirus  sit.  Did  gladiorum  in- 
gentem  esse  numerum  ad  eum  convectum.  Id  vanum 
necne  sit,  extemplo  sclrl  posse.     Rogare  eos,  ut  inde 

7  secum  ad  Turnum  veniant.  Suspectam  fecit  rem  et 
ingenium  TurnI  ferox  et  oratio  hesterna  et  mora  Tar- 
quinil,  quod  videbatur  ob  eam  differri  caedes  potuisse. 
Eunt  incllnatis  quidem  ad  credendum  animis,  tamen 

8  nisi  gladils  deprehensls  cetera  vana  existimaturl.  Ubi 
est  eo  ventum,  Turnum  ex  somno  excitatum  circumsi- 
stunt  custodes;  comprehenslsque  servis,  qui  caritate 
domini  vim  parabant,  cum  gladil  abditi  ex  omnibus  lods 
deverticuli  protraherentur,  enimvero  manif esta  res  visa, 
iniectaeque  Turno  catenae;  et  confestim  Latlnorum  con- 

9  cilium  magno  cum  tumultti  advocatur.  Ibi  tam  atrox 
invidia  orta  est  gladils  in  medio  positis,  ut  indicta  causa, 
novo  genere  letl,  delectus  ad  caput  aquae  Ferentlnae 
crate  superne  iniecta  saxisque  congestis  mergeretur. 

quints)  authority.  Note  the  change  of  subject  in  the  verbs.  4.  dici: 
he  had  been  told.  —  Adgressurum  f . :  the  condition  is  implied  in  the 
next  clause. — auctor:  Tarquin.  —  peteret:  change  of  tense,  as  in 
22.  32.  8.  5.  cum:  join  with  venturus  sit.  7.  Suspectam  .  .  .  rem: 
gave  color  to  the  suspicion. — quod  .  .  .  potuisse:  because  it  seemed 
possible  that  the  murder  was  postponed  on  that  account. — nisi:  with 
abl.  abs.,  like  conditional  sentence.  8.  enimvero  .  .  .  visa:  the  case 
seemed  really  proven.    9.  indicta  c. :  without  a  hearing.  —  ad=in. 


LIBER  I  87 

52.   Revocatis  deinde  ad  concilium  Latinis  Tarqui- 
nius  conlaudatlsqiie,  qui  Turnum  novantem  res  pro 
manifesto   parricidio    merita    poena    adfecissent,   ita 
verba  fecit :  posse  quidem  se  vetusto  itire  agere,  quod,  2 
cum  omnes  Latini  ab  Alba  oriundi  sint,  eo  foedere 
teneantur  quo  ab  Tullo  res  omnis  Albana  cum  colonils 
suls  in  Eomanum  cesserit  imperium ;  ceterum  se  utili-  3 
tatis  id  magis  omnium  causa  censere,  ut  renovetur  id 
foedus,  secundaque  potius  fortuna  populi  Roman!  ut 
participes  Latlni  fruantur,  quam  urbium  excidia  va- 
stationesque  agrorum,  quas  Anco  prius,  patre  deinde 
suo  regnante  perpessi  sint,  semper  aut  exspectent  aut 
patiantur.     Haud  difficulter  persuasum  Latinis,  quam-  4 
quam  in  eo  foedere  superior  Romana  res  erat.     Cete- 
rum et  capita  nominis  Latinl  stare  ac  sentire   cum 
rege  videbant,  et  Turnus  sui  culque  periculi,  si  adver- 
satus  esset,  recens  erat  documentum.     Ita  renovatum  5 
foedus,  indictumque  iunioribus  Latlnorum,  ut  ex  foe- 
dere die  certa  ad  Iticum  Ferentlnae  armati  frequentes 
adessent.     Qui  ubi  ad  edictum  Roman!  regis  ex  omni-  6 
bus  populis  convenere,  ne  ducem  suum  neve  secretum 
imperium  propriave  s!gna  haberent,  miscuit  manipulos 
ex  Latinis  Romanlsque,  ut  ex  binis  singulos  faceret 
binosque  ex  singulis ;  ita  geminatis  manipulls  centu- 
riones  imposuit. 

52.  1.  qui:  since  they.  —  parracidio:  murder;  rhetorically  with 
reference  to  the  kinfr.  2.  ab  Tullo  :  from  the  time  of ;  with  omnis  cf. 
aliquot,  c.  '6.  7.  3.  utilitatis:  limits  cawsa. — id:  obj.  of  censere;  ex- 
plained by  ut  r.  4.  Latinis :  dat. ;  the  Latins  were  pei-suaded.  —  capita : 
c/i?>/';)iP7i.  —documentum :  tvarninr/.  5.  iiinioribus :  i.e.  those  in  arms. 
(5.  secretiim:  .separate.  —  miscuit.  .  .imposuit:  dividing  each  Roman 
and  Latin  company  into  two  parts,  he  placed  half  of  one  with  half  of  the 
other,  thus  "  twinning  "  {(leniindtis)  them,  and  placed  (two)  centurions 
over  each  double  company.    The  result  was  complete  Roman  leadership. 


88  TITI  LIVI 

53.  Nee,  ut  initistus  in  pace  rex,  ita  dux  belli  pra- 
vus  f uit ;  quin  ea  arte  aequasset  superiores  reges,  nl 
degeneratum  in   aliis  huic   quoque  decori   offecisset. 

2  Is  primus  Volscis  bellum  in  ducentos  amplius  post 
suam  aetatem  annos  movit,  Suessamque  Pometiam  ex 

3  his  vl  cepit.  Ubi  cum  divendita  praeda  quadraginta 
talenta  argenti  refecisset,  concepit  animo  eam  ampli- 
tudinem  lovis  templl,  quae  digna  deum  hominumque 
rege,  quae  E-omano  imperio,  quae  ipslus  etiam  loci 
maiestate  esset.  Captlvam  pecuniam  in  aedificationem 
eius  templl  seposuit. 

4  Excepit  deinde  eum  lentius  spe  bellum,  quo  Gabios 
propinquam  urbem,  nequiquam  vl  adortus,  cum  obsi- 
dendl  quoque  urbem  spes  pulso  a  moenibus  adempta 
esset,  postremo  minime  arte  Eomana,  fraude  ac  dolo, 

5  aggressus  est.  Nam  cum,  velut  posito  bello,  funda- 
mentls  templl  iaciendls  alilsque  urbanis  operibus  inten- 
tum  se  esse  simularet,  Sextus  fllius  eius,  qui  minimus 
ex  tribus  erat,  transfugit  ex  composite  Gabios,  patris 

6  in  se  saevitiam  intolerabilem  conquerens  :  iam  ab  alie- 
nis  in  suos  vertisse  superbiam,  et  llberorum  quoque 
eum  frequentiae  taedere,  ut,  quam  in  curia  solitudinem 
fecerit,    domi    quoque   faciat,    ne   quam   stirpem,   ne 

7  quem  heredem  regni  relinquat.  Se  quidem  inter  tela 
et  gladios  patris  elapsum  nihil  usquam  sibi  ttitum  nisi 
apud   hostes  L.  TarquinI  credidisse.     Nam,  ne  erra- 

63-54.  Volscian  war.    Capture  of  Gabii. 

63.  1.  Nee,  ut ...  ita:  and  though  .  .  .  not  yet.  — degeneratum: 
neut.  pass,  partic,  like  impersonal  verb ;  the  fact  of  his  degeneracAj .  — 
aliis :  sc.  decoribus.  2.  in  .  .  .  annos :  {to  continue)  for  two  hundred 
?/ears.  — ex  his:  tor  ex  horumvrbibus.  3.  refecisset:  had  made  up, 
out  of  what  was  left  after  the  division.  —  loci:  the  Capitoline.  4.  len- 
tius spe:  prolonged  beyond  expectation.  —  pulso:  sc.  ei.  6.  llberorum 
...taedere:  wearied  of  the  number  of  his  oion  children.    7.  Nam:  for 


LIBER   I  89 

rent,  manere  iis  belliim,  quod  positum  simuletur,  et 
per  occasionem   eum  incautos   invasurum.     Quod   si    8 
apud  eos  supplicibus  locus  non  sit,  pererraturum  se 
omne  Latium,  Volscosque  inde  et  Aequos  et  Hernicos 
petittirum,  donee  ad  eos  perveniat  qui  a  patrum  cru- 
delibus  atque  impiis  supplicils  tegere  liberos  sciant. 
Forsitan  etiain  ardoris  aliquid  ad  bellum  armaque  se    9 
adversus  superbissimum  regem  ac  ferocissimum  popu- 
lum  inventtirum.     Cum,  si  nihil  morarentur,  mfensus  10 
Ira  porro  inde  abiturus  videretur,  benlgne  ab  Gabinis 
excipitur.     Vetant  mirari,  si,  qualis  in  elves,  qualis  in 
socios,  talis  ad  ultimum  in  liberos  esset.     In  se  ipsum 
postremo  saevlturum,  si  alia  desint.     Sibi  vero  gratum  ii 
adventum  eiiis  esse,  futurumque  credere  brevi,  ut  illo 
adiuvante  a  portis  Gablnis  sub  Romana  moenia  bellum 
transferatur. 

54.  Inde  in  consilia  ptiblica  adhiberi.  Ubi  cum  de 
alils  rebus  adsentire  se  veteribus  Gabinls  diceret,  qui- 
bus  eae  notiores  essent,  ipse  identidem  belli  auctor 
esse,  et  in  eo  sibi  praecipuam  prudentiam  adsumere, 
quod  utrlusque  populi  vires  nosset,  sclretque  invlsam 
profecto  superbiam  regiam  civibus  esse,  quam  ferre 
ne  llberl  quidem  potuissent.  Ita  cum  sensim  ad  re-  2 
bellandum'  primores  Gablnorum  incitaret,  ipse  cum 
promptissimis  iuvenum  praedatum  atque  in  expedl- 
tiones  Iret,  et  dictis  factlsque  omnibus  ad  fallendum 
Instructis  vana  adcresceret  fides,  dux  ad  ultimum  belli 


they  were  enemies,  and  to  prevent  mistake  on  their  part  he  told  them 
that  war  was  waiting  for  them.  10.  si  ,  .  .  morSrentur :  sc.  eum ;  if 
they  did  not  care;  lit.  if  they  did  not  delay  him.  —  esset:  sc.  Tarqui- 
niiis.    11.  Sibi:  the  Gabinians. 

54.  1.  adhiberi:  hist.  inf. —  adsumere:  claimed.    2.  rebellandum  : 
renew  the  tear.  —  praedStum  .  .  .  ex. :    plundering  forays.  —  dictis: 


90  TITI  LIVI 

3  legitur.  Ibi  cum,  inscia  multittidine  quid  ageretur, 
proelia  parva  inter  Eomam  Gabiosque  fierent,  quibus 
plerumque  Gablna  res  superior  esset,  turn  certatim 
summl  Infimlque  Gabmorum  Sex.    Tarquinium  dono 

4  deum  sibi  missum  ducem  credere.  Apud  mllites  vero 
obeundo  perlcula  ac  labores  pariter,  praedam  muni- 
fice  largiendo,  tanta  caritate  esse,  ut  non  pater  Tar- 
quinius   potentior   Romae   quam  filius   Gabils   esset. 

5  Itaque  postquam  satis  virium  conlectum  ad  omnes 
conatus  videbat,  turn  ex  suis  unum  sclscitatum  Romam 
ad  patrem  inittit,  quidnam  se  facere  vellet,  quando 
quidem  ut  omnia  unus  Gabiis  posset  ei  dii  dedissent. 
Huic  nuntio,  quia,  credo,  dubiae  fidel  videbatur,  nihil 

6  voce  responsum  est ;  rex  velut  deliberabundus  in  hor- 
tum  aedium  transit  sequente  nuntio  f ilii ;  ibi  inambu- 
lans  tacitus  summa  papaverum  capita  dicitur  baculo 

7  decussisse.  Interrogando  expectandoque  responsum 
nun  tins  fessus,  ut  re  imperfecta,  redit  Gabios ;  quae 
dixerit  ipse,  quaeque  viderit,  ref ert :  seu  Ira  seu  odio 
seu  superbia  insita  ingenio  ntillam  eum  vocem  emi- 

8  sisse.  Sexto  ubi  quid  vellet  parens  quidve  praeciperet 
tacitis  ambagibus  patuit,  primores  civitatis  criminando 
alios  apud  populum,  alios  sua  ipsos  invidia  opportunos 
interemit.     Multi   palam,   quidam,   in   quibus   minus 

9  speciosa  criminatio  erat  futura,  clam  interfecti.  Pa- 
tuit quibusdam  volentibus  fuga,  aut  in  exsilium  acti 


inst.  abl.  3.  quid  a. :  what  Sextus  had  in  mind.  — certatim  .  .  .  cre- 
dere: were  ready  to  believe;  lit.  vyingly.  5.  sclscitatum:  to  ask; 
sup. — omnia  .  .  .  posset:  become  the  most  powerful  man  at  G.; 
omnia,  2icc.  vf\t\\  posset,  extent  of  action.  6.  sequente:  abl.  abs. — 
baculo:  staff.  7.  ut  r.  i. :  as  if  his  mis  sionio  ere  unfulfilled.  8.  taci- 
tis a. :  unspoken  suggestions. — alios  .  .  .  opportunos:  others  who  had 
laid  themselves  open  to  attack  by  their  unpopularity.    9.  volentibus  • 


LIBER   I  91 

sunt,  absentiumque  bona  iuxta  atque  interemptorum 
divisui  f  uere.     Largitiones  inde  praedaeque  ;  et  dulce-  10 
dine    privati   commodi   sensus   malonim   publiconim 
adimi,  donee  orba  consilio  auxilioque  Gabina  res  regi 
Romano  sine  lilla  dimicatione  in  manum  traditur. 

55.    Gabiis  receptis  Tarquinius  pacein  cum  Aequo- 
rum  gente  fecit,  f oedus  cum  Tuscis  renovavit.     Inde  ad 
negotia  urbana  animum  convertit;  quorum  erat  pri- 
mum,  ut  lovis  templum  in  monte  Tarpeio  monumen- 
tum   regni   sui  nominisque    relinqueret:    Tarquinios 
r^ges  ambos,  patrem  vovisse,  filium  perfecisse.     Et  ut    2 
libera  a  ceteris  religionibus  area  esset  tota  lovis  tem- 
plique   eius,   quod    inaedificaretur,   exaugurare    fana 
sacellaque   statuit,   quae    aliquot    ibi    a    Tatio    rege 
primum  in  ipso  discrimine  adversus  Romulum  pugnae 
vota,  consecrata  inaugurataque  postea  fuerant.     Inter    3 
principia  condendi  hiiius  operis  movisse  numen  ad  in- 
dicandam  tanti  imperii  moleni  traditur  deos ;  nam  cum 
omnium  sacellorum  exaugurationes  admitterent  aves, 
in  Termini  fano   non   addlxere;  idque  omen  auguri-    4 
umque  ita  acceptum  est,  non  motam  Termini  sedem 
unumque  eum   deorum   non   evocatum    sacratis    sibi 
finibus  firma    stabiliaque    cuncta    portendere.     Hoc    5 
perpetuitatis  auspicio  accepto  sectitum  aliud  magni- 
tudinem  imperii  portend^ns  prodigium  est :  caput  hu- 

dat.,  as  in  21.  50.  10;  translate  with  fug  a,  voluntary  exi^e.  — divisui: 
pred.  dat. ;  divided. 

55.  Foundation  of  the  temple  of  Jupiter.  1.  ut :  clause  appositive 
to  negdtium.—-monX,Q  T. :  the  Capitoline.  2.  ceteris  r. :  claims  of 
other  gods.  — tota.:  ivholly,  pred.  ad j .  — exaugurare :  unconsecrated. 
—  quae  aliquot:  spveral  of  lohich.  3.  movisse  niimen:  indicated 
their  toi7/.  —  addixere :  assent ;  cf.  c.  36. 4.  4.  non  .  .  .  sedem :  the  fact 
that  the  abode  of  Terminus  was  not  changed.  Terminus  represented 
the  boundary  stone  over  which  Jupiter  has  special  care.  — finibus: 


92  TITI  LIVI 

manum  Integra  facie  aperientibus  fundamenta  templi 

6  dicitur  apparuisse.  Quae  visa  species  haud  per  amba- 
ges arcem  earn  imperii  caputque  rerum  fore  portende- 
bat;  idque  ita  cecinere  vates,  quique  in  urbe  erant, 
quosqiie  ad  eam  rem  consultandam  ex  Etruria  acclve- 

7  rant.  Augebatur  ad  impensas  regis  animus.  Itaque 
Pomptinae  manubiae,  quae  perducendo  ad  culmen 
operi  destinatae  erant,  vix  in  fundamenta  suppedita- 

8  vere.     Eo  magis  Fabio,  praeterquam  quod  antiquior 

9  est,  crediderim  quadraginta  ea  sola  talenta  fuisse, 
quam  Plsoni,  qui  quadraginta  milia  pondo  argent! 
seposita  in  eam  rem  scrlbit,  summam  pecuniae  neque 
ex  tinius  tum  urbis  praeda  sperandam,  et  nullius  ne 
horum  quidem  magnificentiae  operum  fundamenta  non 
exsuperaturam. 

56.  Intentus  perficiendo  templo,  fabris  undique  ex 
Etruria  accitis,  non  pecunia  solum  ad  id  publica  est 
tisus,  sed  operls  etiam  ex  plebe.  Qui  cum  haud  parvus 
et  ipse  militiae  adderetur  labor,  minus  tamen  plebs 
gravabatur  se  templa  deum  exaedificare  manibus  suls, 
2  quam  postquam  et  ad  alia,  ut  specie  minora  sic  labo- 
ris  aliquanto  maioris,  tradticebantur  opera,  foros  in 
circo  faciendos  cloacamque  maximam,  receptaculum 

abl.  with  evocdtum ;  oftener  with  ex.  5.  Integra :  not  decomposed ; 
tradition  further  said  it  was  the  head  of  Olus  and  was  gory. 
6.  haud  p.  a.:  not  obscurely.— reraxa.:  the  world.  T.  inpensas: 
expense,  sc.  /ade/zdas.  — manubiae:  spoils.  9.  crediderim:  I  am 
incliyiecl  to  believe.  — B]peT2inda.m.:  to  be  expected.  —  nullius  .  .  .  exsu- 
peraturam: more  than  sufficient  for  the  foundations  of  any  magnifi- 
cent structure  even  in  our  times.  Join  nullius  with  magnificentiae, 
which  WnntB  fundamenta. 

56.  Cloaca  Maxima.  Embassy  to  Delphi.  1.  operis :  toor^men,  at 
forced  labor.  —  etipse:  also.  2.  quam:  sw^^lj  gravabatur. — foros: 
roios  of  seats,  the  gerundive  constructions  are  in  apposition  with 
opera.  —  cloacam :    the  great  drain  still  in  perfect  preservation.  — 


LIBER   I  93 

omnium  piirgamentorum  urbis,  sub  terra  agendam; 
quibus  duobus  operibus  vix  nova  haec  magnificentia 
quicquam  adaequare  potuit.  His  laboribus  exercita  3 
plebe,  quia  et  urbi  multitiidinem,  ubi  usus  non  esset, 
oneri  rebatur  esse,  et  colonis  mittendls  occuparl  latins 
imperii  fines  volebat,  Signiam  Circeiosque  colonos 
misit,  praesidia  urbi  futura  terra  inarlque. 

Haec  agenti  portentum  terribile  visum :  anguis  ex  4 
columna  lignea  elapsus  cum   terrorem   fugamque   in 
regia  fecisset,  ipsius  regis  non  tam  subito  pavore  per- 
culit  pectus  quam  anxiis  implevit  curls.     Itaque  cum  5 
ad  publica  prodigia  EtruscI  tantum  vates  adhiberentur, 
hoc  velut  domestico  exterritus  visu  Pelplios  ad  ma- 
xime  inclitum  in  terris  oraculum  mittere  statuit.     Ne-  6 
que  responsa  sortium  ulli  alii  committere  aiisus,  duos 
fllios  per  ignotas  ea  tempestate  terras,  ignotiora  maria, 
in  Graeciam  misit.     Titus  et  Arruns  profecti.     Comes  7 
ils  additus  L.  lunius  Brutus  Tarquinia,  sorore  regis, 
natus,  iuvenis  longe  alius  ingenio  quam  cuius  simulatio- 
nem  induerat.     Is  cum  primores  civitatis  in  quibus  fra- 
trem  suum  ab  avunculo  suo  interf  ectum  audisset,  neque 
in  animo  suo  quicquam  regi  timendum  neque  in  for- 
tuna  concupiscendum  relinquere  statuit,  contemptuque 
tutus  esse,  ubi  in  iure  parum  praesidii  esset.     Ergo  ex  g 
industria  factus   ad  imitationem    stultitiae   cum    se 
suaque  praedae  esse  regi  sineret,  Bruti  quoque  baud 

haec :  of  the  present  time,  as  in  c.  55.  9.  3.  usus :  employment.  —  Si- 
gniam: to  the  S.  E.  — Circeios:  to  the  S.  on  the  coast.  G.  sortium: 
oracle,  lit.  lots;  cf.  21.  62.  5.  7.  ingenio:  abl.  of  specification. — 
quam:  sc.  is  iuvenis. — primores:  sc.  interf ectds.  —  animo:  hear- 
ing, as  the  result  of  his  purpose,  Tarquin  was  to  find  nothing  to 
fear  in  his  conduct  or  his  fortune.  8.  ex  .  .  .  stultitiae :  purposely 
assuming  the  appearance  of  foolishness.  —  se  .  .  .  esse:  allowed  him-' 
self  and  his  property  to  be  the  sport  of  the  king.  —  Eruti :  Dullard.  — 


94  TITI   LIVI 

abnuit  cognomen,  ut  sub  ems  obtentti  cognominis  li- 
berator ille  populi  Roman!  animus  latens  opperiretur 
9  tempora  sua.  Is  tum  ab  Tarquiniis  ductus  Delphos, 
Itidibrium  verius  quam  comes,  aureum  baculum  inclti- 
sum  corneo  cavato  ad  id  baculo  tulisse  donum  Apol- 
lo linl  dicitur,  per  ambages  effigiem  ingenil  sul.  Quo 
postquam  ventum  est,  perfectis  patris  mandatis  cupido 
incessit  animos  iuvenum  sclscitandl,  ad  quem  eorum 
regnum  Eomanum  esset  venturum.  Ex  infimo  specu 
vocem  redditam  ferunt :  "  Imperium  summum  Romae 
habebit  qui  vestrum  primus,  o  iuvenes,  osculum  matri 

11  tulerit."  Tarquinil,  ut  Sextus,  qui  Romae  relictus 
fuerat,  ignarus  responsi  expersque  imperii  esset,  rem 
summa  ope  tacerl  iubent ;  ipsi  inter  se,  uter  prior,  cum 
Romam  redlssent,  matri  osculum  daret,  sort!  permit- 

12  tunt.  Brutus  alio  ratus  spectare  Pythicam  vocem, 
velut  si  prolapsus  cecidisset,  terram  osculo  contigit, 
scilicet  quod  ea  communis  mater  omnium  mortalium 
esset.  Reditum  inde  Romam,  ubi  adversus  Rutulos 
bellum  summa  vi  parabatur. 

57.  Ardeam  Rutuli  habebant,  gens,  ut  in  ea  regi- 
one  atque  in  ea  aetate,  divitiis  praepollens.  Eaque 
ipsa  causa  belli  fuit,  quod  rex  Romanus  cum  ipse  di- 

2  tari  exhaustus  magnificentia  publicorum  operum,  tum 
praeda  delenire  popularium  animos  studebat,  praeter 
aliam  superbiam  regno  infestos  etiam  quod  se  in  fa- 
brorum  ministeriis  ac  servili  tam  diu  habitos  opere  ab 

3  rege   indignabantur.     Temptata  res  est,  si  primo  im- 

liberator  =  llherdturus.     9.  ludibrium :    hutt.     10.  quem  =  utrum ;  ' 
primws implies  the  three.    12.  alio  .  .  .  spectare:  had  a  diffej^ent  mean- 
ing. 

57-60.     Fall  of  Tarquin  and  the  kingdom. 

57.   2.  praeter:   in  addition  io.  — regno:    the  kingdom  and  not 


LIBEll   I  96 

petfi   capT   Ardea   posset.     Ubi   id  parum    processit, 
obsidione  inrmltionibusque  coepti  premi   hostes.     In    4 
his  stativis,  lit  fit  longo  magis  quam  acri  bello,  satis 
llberi  commeatiis  erant,  primoribiis  tamen  magis  quam 
militibus ;  regii  qiiidem  iuvenes  interdiim  otium  con-    5 
viviis   comissationibiisqiie   inter   se    terebant.     Forte    6 
potantibiis  his  apiid  Sex.  Tarqiiinium,  ubi  et  Conlatl- 
nus  cenabat  Tarquinius,  Egerii  fllius,  incidit  de  uxori- 
bus  mentio  ;  suam  quisque  laudare  mirls  modis.    Inde    7 
certamine  accenso,  Conlatinus  negat  verbis  opus  esse, 
panels  id  quidem  horis  posse   sclri,  quantum   ceteris 
praestet  Lucretia  sua.     "  QuTn,  si  vigor  iuventae  inest, 
conscendimus  equos  invlsimusque  praesentes  nostrar 
rum   ingenia?     Id   ciilque   spectatissimum   sit,   quod 
necopinato  virl  adventu  occurrerit  oculis."     Incalue-    8 
rant  vino ;  "  Age  sane  !  "  omnes.     Citatis  equis  avolant 
Komam.     Quo  cum  primis  se  intendentibus  tenebrls 
pervenissent,  pergunt  inde  Conlatiam,  ubi  Lucretiam    9 
haudquaquam  iit  regias  nurus,  quas  in  convlvio  luxu- 
que   cum   aequalibus   viderant  tempus    terentes,  sed 
nocte  sera  deditam  lanae  inter  lucubrantes  ancillas  in 
medio  aedium  sedentem  inveniunt.     Muliebris  certa-  lO 
minis   laus   penes    LucrStiam    fuit.     Adveniens    vir 
Tarquinilque  excepti  benigne ;  victor  maritus  comiter 
invitat   regios   iuvenes.     Ibi   Sex.    Tarquiniuin    mala 
libido  Lucre tiae  per  vim  stuprandae  capit;  cum  forma 


merely  the  king.  4.  stativis :  the  camps  made  necessary  by  the  length 
of  the  siege. — commeatus:  furloughs.  5.  otium  .  .  .  terebant: 
whiled  away  their  iaactivitij.  (5.  potantibus:  either  dat.  or  abl.  with 
incidit.  7.  Quin:  why  no<?  — praesentes:  loith  our  own  eyes.  — Id 
.  .  .  sit:  let  that  he  the  strongest  proof.  8.  Age  sane:  come  on  then; 
a  colloquialism,  hence  the  singular.  9.  convivio  1. :  luxurious  ban- 
queting. —  l&nae :  spinning  and  weaving. 


96  TITI  LIVI 

11  turn  spectata  castitas  incitat.  Et  turn  quidem  ab  no 
cturno  iuvenall  ludo  in  castra  redeunt. 

58.   Panels  interiectis  diebns  Sex.  Tarqninins  inscio 

2  Conlatmo  cnm  comite  tino  Conlatiam  venit.  Ubi  ex- 
ceptns  benigne  ab  ignaris  consilii  cnm  post  cenam  in 
hospitale  cnbicnlnm  dednctns  esset,  amore  ardens, 
postqnam  satis  ttita  circa  sopitiqne  omnes  videbantnr, 
stricto  gladio  ad  dormientem  Lncretiam  venit,  sini- 
straqne  manti  mnlieris  pectore  oppresso,  "  Tace,  Lncre- 
tia,"  inqnit ;  "  Sex.  Tarqninins  snm ;  ferrnm  in  manti 

3  est;  moriere,  si  emiseris  vocem."  Cum  pavida  ex 
somno  mnlier  nnllam  opem,  prope  mortem  imminen- 
tem  videret,  tnm  Tarqninins  faterl  amorem,  orare, 
miscere  precibns  minas,  versare  in  omnes  partes  mnli- 

4  ebrem  animnm.  Ubi  obstinatam  videbat  et  ne  mortis 
qnidem  metti  incllnari,  addit  ad  metnm  dedecns :  cnm 
mortna  ingnlatnm  servnm  nudnm  posittirnm  ait,  nt  in 

5  sordido  adnlterio  necata  dicatnr.  Qno  terrore  cnm 
vicisset  obstinatam  pndicitiam  velnt  vl  atrox  libido, 
profectnsqne  inde  Tarqninins  ferox  expugnato  decore 
mnliebri  esset,  Lncretia  maesta  tanto  malo  nuntinm 
E,omam  enndem  ad  patrem  Ardeamqne  ad  virnm  mit- 
tit,  nt  cnm  singulis  fidelibns  amicis  veniant ;  ita  facto 

6  mattiratoqne  opus  esse;  rem  atrocem  incidisse.  Sp. 
Lncretins  cnm  P.  Valerio  Volesi  filio,  Conlatinns  cnm 
L.  Itinio  Brtito  venit,  cnm  qno  forte  Eomam  rediens 


58.  2.  circa.  =  qui  circa  erant;  cf.  22.  45.  7.  — so-piti:  fast  asleep. 
3.  versare :  sums  up  the  preceding,  in  short,  employed  the  arguments 
most  effective  with  a  woman's  mind.  4.  metum :  of  death.  — servum : 
his  slave,  the  comite  uno  of  §  1.  — sordido :  i.e.  with  a  slave,  a  sordidus 
homo.  5.  Quo  t.  =  cuius  rei  t. ;  cf.  c.  30.  4.  — velut  vi:  with  the  salne 
result  as  if  violence  had  been  used.  —  ferox  ex.:  exultant  in  his  con- 
quest o/.  —facto  .  .  .  esse :  there  was  need  of  action  and  that  speedily, 


LIBER   I  97 

ab  nuntio  uxoris  erat  conventus.    Lucretiam  sedentem 
maestam  in  cubiculo  inveniunt.     Adventu  suonim  la-    7 
crimae  obortae.     Quaerentique  viro  "Satin  salvae?" 
"Minime,''    inquit;    "quid   enim   salvl    est    mulieri 
amissa  pudicitia?     Vestigia  virl  alieni,  Conlatine,  in 
lecto  sunt  tuo ;   ceterum  corpus  est  tantum  violatum, 
animus  insons;   mors  testis  erit.     Sed  date  dexteras 
fidemque,  baud  impune  adultero  fore.     Sex.  est  Tar-    8 
quinius,  qui,  hostis  pro  bospite,  priore  nocte  vi  arma- 
tus   mibi   sibique,  si  vos  viri   estis,  pestiferum  bine 
abstulit  gaudium.'^     Dant  ordine  omnes  fidem ;  conso-    9 
lantur  aegram  animi  avertendo   noxam  ab  coacta  in. 
auctorem  delicti :  mentem  peccare  non  corpus,  et  unde 
consilium    afuerit,    culpam    abesse.      "Vos,"   inquit,  lo 
"videritis,  quid   ill!  debeatur;   ego  me   etsi  peccato 
absolve,  supplicio  non  libero ;  nee  ulla  deinde  impudica 
Lucretiae  exemplo  vivet."     Cultrum,  quern  sub  veste  ii 
abditum  habebat,  eum  in  corde  deflgit,  prolapsaque  in 
vulnus  moribunda  cecidit.     Conclamat  vir  paterque.       12 

59.  Brutus  illis  luctu  occupatis  cultrum  ex  vulnere 
Lucretiae  extractum  manantem  cruore  prae  se  tenens, 
"Per  hunc,"  inquit,  "castissimum  ante  regiam  iniu- 
riam  sanguinem  iuro,  vosque,  dil,  testes  facio,  me  L. 
Tarquinium  Superbum  cum  scelerata  coniuge  et  omni 
llberorum  stirpe  ferro,  igni,  quacumque  debinc  vl  pos- 
sim,  exsecuturum,  nee  illos  nee  alium  quemquam  regnare 
Romae  passurum."  Cultrum  deinde  Conlatlno  tradit,  2 
inde  Lucretio  ac  Valerio,  stupentibus  miraculo  rel,  unde 

abl.  7.  salvae:  sc.  rPs  sunt,  is  it  well?  — fore:  after  expression  of 
promisiiiir.  10.  videritis :  fut.  perf . ;  you  will  have  seen  =  see  to  it. 
12.  Conclamat :  the  usual  conclamatio,  calling  upon  the  name  of  the 
dead. 

59.  1.  dehinc:  henc^orward.    2.  unde:  sc.  esse t,  indirect  question 


98  TITI   LIVI 

novum  in  Brtiti  pectore  ingenium.  Ut  praeceptum 
erat,  iurant;  totique  ab  luctu  versi  in  iram  Bru- 
tum,  iam   inde  ad  exptignandum.   regnum  vocantem, 

3  sequuntur  ducem.  Elatum  domo  Lncretiae  corpus  in 
forum  deferunt,  concientque  miraculo,  ut  fit,  rei  novae 
atque   indignitate   homines.     Pro   se   quisque   scelus 

4  regium  ac  vim  queruntur.  Movet  cum  patris  maesti- 
tia,  tum  Brutus  castlgator  lacrimarum  atque  inertium 
querellarum   auctorque,    quod   viros,   quod    Romanos 

5  deceret,  arma  capiendi  adversus  hostllia  ausos.  Fero- 
cissimus  quisque  iuvenum  cum  armis  voluntarius  adest; 
sequitur  et  cetera  inventus.  Inde  parte  praesidio  re- 
licta  Conlatiae  ad  portas,  custodibusque  circumdatis, 
ne  quis  eum  motum  regibus  ntintiaret,  ceteri  armati 

6  duce  Brtito  Eomam  profecti.  Ubi  eo  ventum  est,  qua- 
cumque  incedit  armata  multitude,  pavorem  ac  tumul- 
tum  f acit ;  rursus  ubi  anteire  primores  civitatis  vident, 

7  quidquid  sit,  baud  temere  esse  rentur.  Nee  minorem 
motum  animorum  Bomae  tam  atrox  res  facit,  quam 
Conlatiae  fecerat.  Ergo  ex  omnibus  locis  urbis  in 
forum  curritur.  Quo  simul  ventum  est,  praeco  ad 
tribunum  Celerum,  in  quo  tum  magistratu  forte  Bru- 

8  tus  erat,  populum  advocavit.  Ibi  oratio  habita  nequa- 
quam  eius  pectoris  ingeniique,  quod  simulatum  ad 
eam  diem  fuerat,  de  vi  ac  libidine  Sex.  Tarquinii,  de 
stupro  infando  Lucretiae  et  miserabill  caede,  de  orbi- 


depending  on  the  implied  thought  in  mlrdculo. — toti:  adverhial. — 
iam  i. :  at  once,  forthwith.  3.  indignitate :  objective,  indignity, 
shameful  character ;  in  §  11  it  is  subjective,  indignation.  4.  castlga- 
tor :  cf.  c.  28.  1,  the  fact  that  the  Dullard  had  become  a  leader.  —  quod 
.  .  .  deoeret:  appos.  to  anna  cap.,  becoming  for  men  and  especially 
for  Eomans.—h.ostTlia.:  object  of  ausos.  5.  Ferocissimus  q. :  every 
resolute  m,an.    6.  haud  t. :  not  without  reason.    7.  tribunum :  caj)- 


LTBER   I  99 

tfite  Tricipitml,  cui  morte  flliae  causa  mortis  indignior 
ac   miserabilior   esset.     Addita   superbia  ipslus  regis    9 
miseriaeque    et    labores   plebis   in   fossas   cloacasque 
exliaiiriendiis  demersae:    Romanos   homines,  victores 
omnium   circa   populorum,  opifices   ac   lapicidas   pro 
bellatoribus  factos.     Indlgna  Servl  Tulli  regis  memo-  lo 
rata  caedis  et  invecta  corpori  patris  nefando  vehiculo 
filia,  invocatique  ultores  parentum  dii.     His  atrocio-  ii 
ribusque  credo  aliis,  quae  praesens  rerum  indlgnitas 
haudquaquam  relatu  scriptoribus  facilia  subicit,  me- 
moratls  incensam  multittidinem  perpulit,  ut  imperium 
regi  abrogaret,  exsulesque  esse  iuberet  L.  Tarquinium 
cum   coniuge   ac   liberls.     Ipse   iunioribus,  qui   ultro  12 
nomina  dabant,  lectis  armatisque  ad  concitandum  inde 
adversus  regem  exercitum  Ardeam  in  castra  est  pro- 
fectus;    imperium  in  urbe  Lucretio,  praefecto   urbis 
iam  ante  ab  rege  instituto,  relinquit.      Inter  hunc  tu-  13 
multum  Tullia  domo  profugit,  exsecrantibus,  quacum- 
que  incedebat,  invocantibusque  parentum  furias  viris 
mulieribusque.  * 

60.  Hiirum  rerum  nuntiis  in  castra  perliltis,  cum  re 
nova  trepidus  rex  pergeret  Romam  ad  comprimendos 
motus,  flexit  viam  Brutus  —  senserat  enim  adventum 
—  ne  obvius  fieret;  eodemque  fere  tempore  diversis 
itineribus  Brutus  Ardeam,  Tarquinius  Romam  vene- 
runt.   Tarquinio  clausae  portae  exsiliumque  indictum ;    2 


tain;  see  c.  15.  8.  8.  Tricipitini:  Sp.  Lucretius  Tricipitinus,  the 
father  of  Lucretia.  —  morte :  for  quain  mors.  9.  demersae :  the  word 
was  well  applied  to  workmen  engaged  in  draining  the  low  and  swampy- 
ground  of  the  Forum.  10.  caedis:  nominative.  11.  relatu:  supine 
sv'xth  facilia,  with  which  scriptoribus  is  dative;  writers  would  not  find 
it  easy  to  exhibit  the  fire  of  the  speaker.  12.  ultro:  voluntarily. 
13.  parentum:  Servius  and  other  relatives. 


100  TITl   LIVI 

liberatorem  urbis  laeta  castra  accepere,  exactique  inde 
liberi  regis.  Duo  patrem  sectiti  sunt,  qui  exsulatum 
Caere  in  Etruscos  ierunt;  Sex.  Tarquinius  Gabios 
tamqiiam  in  suum  regnum  profectus  ab  ultoribus  vete- 
rum  simultatium,  quas  sibi  ipse  caedibus  raplnlsque 

3  conclverat,  est  interfectus.  L.  Tarquinius  Superbus 
regnavit  annos  quinque  et  viginti.  Eegnatum  Romae 
ab  condita  urbe  ad  liberatam  annos  ducentos  quadra- 

4  ginta  quattuor.  Duo  consules  inde  comitiis  centuria- 
tis  a  praef ecto  urbis  ex  commentarils  Servi  Tulli  creati, 
L.  Itinius  Brutus  et  L.  Tarquinius  Conlatinus. 

60.  2.  exsulatum:  sup.  to  live  in  exiZe.  — Caere;  ace.    3.  Kegna- 
tum:  the  monarchy  lasted. 


Announcefnent, 

THE  STUDENTS'  SERIES  OF  LATIN  CLASSICS. 

UNDBB  THE  EDITORIAL  8UPEBVI8ION   OF 

ERNEST  MONDELL   PEASE,   A.M., 
Leland  Stanford  Jvm,ior  University, 

AND 

HARRY  THURSTON  PECK,  Ph.D.,  L.H.D., 

Colmnbia  College. 


This  Series  will  contain  the  Latin  authors  usually  read  in  Ameri- 
can schools  and  colleges,  and  also  others  well  adapted  to  class-room 
use,  but  not  as  yet  published  in  suitable  editions.  The  several 
volumes  will  be  prepared  by  special  editors,  who  will  aim  to  revise 
the  text  carefully  and  to  edit  it  in  the  most  serviceable  manner. 
Where  there  are  German  editions  of  unusual  merit,  representing 
years  of  special  study  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances, 
these  will  be  used,  with  the  consent  of  the  foreign  editor,  as  a  basis 
for  the  American  edition.  In  this  way  it  will  be  possible  to  bring 
out  text-books  of  the  highest  excellence  in  a  comparatively  short 
period  of  time. 

The  editions  will  be  of  two  kinds,  conforming  to  the  different 
methods  of  studying  Latin  in  our  best  institutions.  Some  will 
contain  in  the  introductions  and  commentary  such  a  careful  and 
minute  treatment  of  the  author's  life,  language,  and  style  as  to 
afford  the  means  for  a  thorough  appreciation  of  the  author  and  his 
place  in  Latin  literature.  Others  will  aim  merely  to  assist  the 
student  to  a  good  reading  knowledge  of  the  author,  and  will  have 
only  the  text  and  brief  explanatory  notes  at  the  bottom  of  each 
page.  The  latter  will  be  particularly  acceptable  for  sight  reading, 
and  for  rapid  reading  after  the  minute  study  of  an  author  or  period 
in  one  of  the  fuller  editions.  For  instance,  after  a  class  has  read 
a  play  or  two  of  Plautus  and  Terence  carefully,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  the  peculiarities  of  style,  language,  metres,  the  methods 
of  presenting  a  play,  and  the  like,  these  editions  will  be  admirably 
suited  for  the  rapid  reading  of  other  plays. 

The  Series  will  also  contain  various  supplementary  works  pre- 
pared by  competent  scholars.  Every  effort  will  be  made  to  give 
the  books  a  neat  and  attractive  appearance. 

1 


The  following  volumes  are  now  ready  or  in  preparation :  — 

CAESAR,  Gallic  War,  Books  I-V.    By  Harold  W.  Johnston,  Ph.D., 

Professor  in  the  Indiana  University. 
CATULLUS,  Selections,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Riese.    By  Thomas 

B.  Lindsay,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Boston  University. 
CICERO,  Select  Orations.     By  B.  L.  D'Ooge,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the 

State  Normal  School,  Ypsilanti,  Mich. 

CICERO,  De  Senectute  et  de  Amicitia.     By  Charles  E.  Bennett, 

A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Cornell  University. 
CICERO,    Tusculan   Disputations,  Books  I  and  II.     By  Professor 

Peck. 

CICERO,  De  Oratore,  Book  I,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Sorof.  By 
W.  B.  Owen,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Lafayette  College.  Ready. 

CICERO,  Select  Letters,  based  in  part  upon  the  edition  of  Siipfle- 
Bockel.     By  Professor  Pease. 

EUTROPIUS,  Selections.  By  Victor  So  Clark,  Lit.B.,  New  Ulm 
High  School,  Minn. 

GELLIUS,  Selections.    By  Professor  Peck. 

HORACE,  Odes  and  Epodes.  By  Paul  Shorey,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in 
the  Chicago  University.  Nearly  Ready. 

HORACE,  Satires  and  Epistles,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Kiessling. 
By  Jambs  H.  Kirkland,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Vanderbilt  Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

LIVY,  Books  XXI  and  XXII,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Wolfflin.  By 
John  K.  Lord,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Dartmouth  College.         Ready. 

LIVY,  Book  I,  for  rapid  reading.    By  Professor  Lord. 

LUCRETIUS,  De  Rerum  Natura,  Book  III.    By  W.  A.  Merrill,  Ph.D., 

Professor  in  the  University  of  California. 

MARTIAL,  Selections.  By  Charles  Knapp,  Ph.D.,  Professor  ii» 
Barnard  College. 

NEPOS,  for  rapid  reading.  By  Isaac  Flagg,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  th^ 
University  of  California.  Ready. 

NEPOS,  Selections.  By  J.  C.  Jones,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  University 
of  Missouri. 

OVID,  Selections  from  the  Metamorphoses,  based  upon  the  edition  of 
Meuser-Egcn.  By  B.  L.  Wiggins,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Univer- 
sity of  the  South. 

2 


OVID,  Selections,   for  rapid  reading.     By  A.  L.  ^ondurant,  A.M., 

Professor  in  the  University  of  Mississippi. 

PETKONIUS,  Cena  Trimalchionis,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Biicheler. 
By  W.  E.  Watkrs,  Ph.D.,  President  of  Wells  College. 

PLAUTUS,  Captivi,  for  rapid  reading.    By  Grove  E.  Barber,  A.M., 

Professor  in  the  University  of  Nebraska. 

PLAUTUS,  Menaechmi,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Brix.  By  Harold 
N.  Fowler,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  the  Western  Reserve  Univer- 
sity. Ready. 

PLINY,  Select  Letters,  for  rapid  reading.  By  Samuel  Ball  Plat- 
m<:k,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  the  Western  Reserve  University.    Ready. 

QUINTILIAN,  Book  X  and  Selections  from  Book  XII,  based  upon 
the  edition  of  Kriiger.  By  Carl  W.  Belser,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in 
the  University  of  Colorado. 

SALLUST,  Catiline,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Schmalz.  By  Charles 
G.  Herbkkmann,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  Professor  in  the  College  of  the 
City  of  New  York.  Ready, 

SENECA,  Select  Letters.    By  E.  C.  Winslow,  A.M. 

TACITUS,  Annals,  Book  I  and  Selections  from  Book  11,  based  upon 
the  edition  of  Nipperdey-Audreseu.  By  E.  M.  Hyde,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Lehigh  University. 

TACITUS,  Annals,  Book  XV.  By  J.  Everett  Brady,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Smith  College. 

TACITUS,  Agricola  and  Germania,  based  upon  the  editions  of  Schwei- 
zer-Sidler  and  Driiger.  By  A.  G.  Hopkins,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in 
Hamilton  College.  Ready. 

TACITUS,  Histories,  Book  I  and  Selections  from  Books  II-V,  based 
upon  the  edition  of  Wolff.  By  Edward  H.  Spieker,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  the  Johns  Hopkins  University. 

TERENCE,  Adelphoe,  for  rapid  reading.  By  Willlajh  L.  Cowles, 
A.M.,  Professor  in  Amherst  College.  Ready. 

TERENCE,  Phormio,  based  upon  the  edition  of  Dziatzko.  By  Her- 
BKRT  C.  Elmer,  Ph.D.,  Assistant  Professor  in  the  Cornell  Uni- 
versity. Ready. 

TIBULLUS  AND  PBOPERTIUS,  Selections,  based  upon  the  edition  of 
Jacoby.  By  Henry  F.  Burton,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  University 
of  Rochester. 

VALERIUS  MAXIMUS,  Fifty  Selections,  for  rapid  reading.  By 
Charles  S.  Smith,  A.M.,  College  of  New  Jersey.  Ready. 


VELLEITJS  PATERCULUS,  Historia  Romana,  Book  II.  By  F.  E;. 
RocKWOOD,  A.M.,  Professor  in  Buckuell  University.  Ready. 

VERGIL,  Books  I-VI.  By  E.  Antoinette  Ely,  A.M.,  Hampton 
College,  and  S.  Frances  Pellett,  A.M.,  Binghamton  High 
School,  N.Y. 

VERGIL,  The  Story  of  Turnus  from  Aen.  VII-XII,  for  rapid  reading. 
By  Moses  Slaughter,  Ph.D.,  Professor  in  Iowa  College. 

VIRI  ROMAE,  Selections.  By  G.  M.  Whicher,  A.M.,  Packer  Col- 
legiate Institute. 

LATIN  COMPOSITION,  for  college  use.  By  Walter  Miller,  A.M., 
Professor  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University.  Ready, 

LATIN  COMPOSITION,  for  advanced  classes.  By  H.  R.  Fairclough. 
A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Leland  Stanford  Jr.  University. 

HAND-BOOK  OF  LATIN  SYNONYMS.    By  Mr.  Miller. 

A  FIRST  BOOK  IN  LATIN.  By  Hiram  Tuell,  A.M.,  Principal  of 
the  Milton  High  School,  Mass.,  and  Harold  N.  Fowler,  Ph.D., 
Western  Reserve  University.  Ready. 

EXERCISES  IN  LATIN  COMPOSITION,  for  schools.  By  M.  Grant 
Daniell,  A.m.,  Principal  of  Chauncy-Hall  School,  Boston. 

Ready. 

THE  PRIVATE  LIFE  OF  THE  ROMANS,  a  manual  for  the  use  of 

schools  and  colleges.    By  Harriet  Waters  Preston  and  Louise 
Dodge.  Ready. 

GREEK  AND  ROMAN  MYTHOLOGY,  based  on  the  recent  work  of 
Steuding.  By  Karl  P.  Harrington,  A.M.,  Professor  in  the  Uni- 
versity of  North  Carolina,  and  Herbert  C.  Tolman,  Ph.D.,  Pro- 
fessor in  Vanderbilt  University. 

ATLAS  ANTIQTJUS,  twelve  maps  of  the  ancient  world,  for  schools  and 
colleges.    By  Dr.  Henry  Kiepert,  M.R.  Acad.  Berlin.       Ready, 

Tentative  arrangements  have  been  made  for  other  books  not  ready 
to  be  announced. 


LEACH,  SHEWELL,  &  SANBORN, 

Boston,  New  York,  and  Chicago. 

4 


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10Mar'57JG 

I^ZQ'D  i.-^ 

MAR  11^^ 

0CT2MM76 

'N  STACKS 

OCT  7   19SS 

oH.1     3  ^7  '\ 

AM 

* — ^""5  « 

"'A 

LD  21-100m-6,'56 
(B9311sl0)476 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


